Approaches

Question 1

behaviourism assumptions

Answer 1

1) humans are born blank slate (tabula rasa) & behaviour is due to nature & nurture
2)all behaviour is learnt from experience
3)can extrapolate animal research findings and apply them to humans (share same learning principles)
4)should only study observable behaviour- it’s scientific. internal processes are too subjective

Question 2

positive reinforcement

Answer 2

rewarded after a behaviour

Question 3

negative reinforcement

Answer 3

producing a behaviour to a avoid something negative

Question 4

punishment

Answer 4

unpleasant consequence

Question 5

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 5

something in the environment that elicits a response that doesn’t need to be learned (food)

Question 6

unconditioned response

Answer 6

innate reaction to UCS e.g salivation when seeing the food

Question 7

neutral stimulus

Answer 7

something in the environment that produces no response

Question 8

conditioned stimulus

Answer 8

something in the environment that elicits a response that has to be learnt

Question 9

conditioned response

Answer 9

a reaction to a conditioned stimulus

Question 10

id

Answer 10

pleasure principle, ‘libido’, primal instict, develops from birth-18 months

Question 11

ego

Answer 11

reality principle, balances superego and id, develops 18 months-3 years

Question 12

superego

Answer 12

morality principle, opposes id, appears 3-6 years as sense of morality is passed down from parents & internalised

Question 13

denial

Answer 13

refusal to accept reality & experiences painful experiences

Question 14

displacement

Answer 14

redirecting repressed desires

Question 15

repression

Answer 15

unconsciously blocking thoughts

Question 16

psychodynamic assumptions

Answer 16

1) unconscious behaviour determines how we behave
2) our 3 part personality comprises of id, ego, superego
3) humans possess innate drives that motivates our behaviour as we develop
4)childhood experiences have significant importance in defining our adult personalities

Question 17

psychosexual stages

Answer 17

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 18

oral

Answer 18

gratification through oral activities like breast feeding/thumb sucking. ages 0-1

Question 19

anal

Answer 19

child learns to respond to the demands of society like bowel and bladder control. ages 1-3

Question 20

phallic

Answer 20

child becomes aware of sexuality, learns the difference between males and females. ages 3-5

Question 21

latency

Answer 21

child continues their development, relatively quiet sexual urges. ages 6-12

Question 22

genital

Answer 22

libido re-emerges, mature adult sexuality. puberty to adulthood