Approaches

Question 1

What are the names of the 7 approaches?

Answer 1

Introspection (Wundt)
Psychodynamic
Behaviorist
Social learning theory
Cognitive
Humanistic
Biological

Question 2

What did Wundt break the human consciousness into?

Answer 2

Thoughts
Images
Sensation

Question 3

What did Introspection aim to study?

Answer 3

The human consciousness

Question 4

What experiment did Wundt do?

Answer 4

Exposed participants to different stimuli
Participants recorded their experiences
Wundt then categorized them into the basic structures

Question 5

What is a strength of Wundt’s introspection?

Answer 5

A systematic approach was used so data could be categorized, allowing for comparisons to be made

Question 6

What is a weakness of Wundt’s introspection?

Answer 6

Individual’s experiences were subjective, making the approach less scientific, reasons for responses were hard to identify

Question 7

How did the Psychodynamic approach separate our levels of thought?

Answer 7

The conscious
The Preconscious
The unconscious

Question 8

What is the role of conscious thought according to the Psychodynamic approach?

Answer 8

What we are currently thinking (Thoughts we are aware of)

Question 9

What is the role of pre-conscious thought according to the Psychodynamic approach?

Answer 9

Everything that we know but are not currently thinking about (Memories and Knowledge)

Question 10

What is the role of unconscious thought according to the Psychodynamic approach?

Answer 10

Holds the things you do not know to protect you from feelings of guilt/anxiety (Fears/unacceptable desires)

Question 11

What is the name of the theory for the structure of personality?

Answer 11

Tripartite theory of Personality

Question 12

What three parts make up personality according to the tripartite theory?

Answer 12

Id
Ego
Super-ego

Question 13

Where is the Id and what is its role according to the tripartite theory?

Answer 13

In the Unconscious
It’s role is to focus on the self - selfishly seeking pleasure through irrational and emotional means

Question 14

Where is the Ego and what is its role according to the tripartite theory?

Answer 14

In the Conscious
It’s role is to try and satisfy the needs of the Id in a socially acceptable way through rational means and compromise between Id and Super-ego

Question 15

Where is the Super-ego and what is its role according to the tripartite theory?

Answer 15

In the Unconscious
It’s role is to morally guide the individual by punishing them with feelings of guilt and anxiety based on societal values

Question 16

What are the three defense mechanisms according to the Psychodynamic approach?

Answer 16

Repression
Denial
Displacement

Question 17

What is the definition of the defense mechanism repression according to the Psychodynamic approach?

Answer 17

Pushing unpleasant thoughts/memories to the unconscious, allowing for the individual to pretend and behave as if nothing happened

Question 18

What is the definition of the defense mechanism denial according to the Psychodynamic approach?

Answer 18

Refusing to accept the negative aspects of a situation in order to protect the conscious

Question 19

What is the definition of the defense mechanism displacement according to the Psychodynamic approach?

Answer 19

The individual finds a suitable target to put their repressed emotions onto

Question 20

According to Freud’s Psychosexual stage theory, What is the first stage? When does it occur? Where is the libido centered?

Answer 20

What: Oral
When: 0-1yrs
Where: In the mouth (sucking/biting)

Question 21

According to Freud’s Psychosexual stage theory, What is the second stage? When does it occur? Where is the libido centered?

Answer 21

What: Anal
When: 1-3yrs
Where: Anal region (withholding/expelling)

Question 22

According to Freud’s Psychosexual stage theory, What is the third stage? When does it occur? Where is the libido centered?

Answer 22

What: Phallic
When: 3-5/6yrs
Where: Genitalia

Question 23

According to Freud’s Psychosexual stage theory, What is the fourth stage? When does it occur? Where is the libido centered?

Answer 23

What: Latency
When: 5/6 - Puberty
Where: Libido is dormant, focus on social development

Question 24

According to Freud’s Psychosexual stage theory, What is the fifth stage? When does it occur? Where is the libido centered?

Answer 24

What: Genital
When: Puberty onwards
Where: All previous areas

Question 25

What occurs during the Phallic stage of Psychosexual developement?

Answer 25

Oedipus or Electra complex

Question 26

What are the main assumptions of the behaviourist approach?

Answer 26

Behaviour can only be studied if it is observable and measurable Lab experiments only as they are controlled and objective All behaviour is learnt through experience and interaction with environment We are born as a tabula rasa - a blank slate

Question 27

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Answer 27

Classical is passive, operant is active Classical believes learning is through association, operant believes learning is through consequences

Question 28

What are the three consequences in operant conditioning?

Answer 28

Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Punishment

Question 29

What is positive reinforcement, according to operant conditioning?

Answer 29

Individuals receive a rewards when they perform the desired behavior

Question 30

What is punishment, according to operant conditioning?

Answer 30

Individuals receive an unpleasant consequence for behavior

Question 31

What is negative reinforcement, according to operant conditioning?

Answer 31

Avoiding something unpleasant by performing the desired behavior

Question 32

What experiment goes alongside operant conditioning?

Answer 32

Skinner's rats - positive reinforcement with pulling a lever to receive a food pellet

Question 33

What experiment goes alongside classical conditioning?

Answer 33

Pavlov's dogs - dogs began to salivate at the sound of a bell

Question 34

What research goes alongside social learning theory?

Answer 34

Bandura's bobo doll - children copying the actions seen in a film where the doll was hit

Question 35

What did Bandura's research identify?

Answer 35

Mediational processes: Attention, retention, motor-reproduction, motivation

Question 36

What is the basic assumption of social learning theory?

Answer 36

Learning occurs through observation of others

Question 37

What reinforcement is used in social learning theory?

Answer 37

Vicarious reinforcement

Question 38

What is Vicarious reinforcement, according to social learning theory?

Answer 38

Individual observes the behavior and consequences of others to increase or decrease likelihood of imitating the behavior

Question 39

What is modelling, according to social learning theory?

Answer 39

Imitation of the role model that occurs after identification

Question 40

What are role models, according to social learning theory?

Answer 40

People we identify with

Question 41

What is the description of attention, according to social learning theory?

Answer 41

If the observer notices the behavior of the role model

Question 42

What is the description of retention, according to social learning theory?

Answer 42

How well the specific actions are remembered by the observer

Question 43

What is the description of motor-reproduction, according to social learning theory?

Answer 43

If the observer considered themselves able to perform the action

Question 44

What is the description of motivation, according to social learning theory?

Answer 44

If the observer has the will to perform the action (likelihood of punishment or reward)

Question 45

What are the assumptions of the cognitive approach?

Answer 45

There are mental processes that mediate between stimulus and response Cognitive processes can be studied scientifically through indirect study through inferences on our behavior

Question 46

What are schemas, according to the cognitive approach?

Answer 46

'Mental packages' of information about people. objects and events that are acquired through experience that guide our responses

Question 47

What are the positives of schemas, according to the cognitive approach?

Answer 47

They act as a mental shortcut to avoid being overwhelmed by stimuli

Question 48

What is cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 48

That there are different mental processes associated with different areas of the brain

Question 49

What are the negatives of schemas, according to the cognitive approach?

Answer 49

They distort the way we interpret information causing perceptual errors

Question 50

What two models are used to help in the understanding of internal mental processes, according to the cognitive approach?

Answer 50

Theoretical models and computer models

Question 51

What is the theoretical information processing approach, according to the cognitive approach?

Answer 51

Information flows through stages: input, storage, retrieval

Question 52

What is the computer model, according to the cognitive approach?

Answer 52

There are similarities between the brain and a computer: CPU - Brain Coding - Auditory/visual coding Stores for holding information

Question 53

What are the assumptions of the humanistic approach?

Answer 53

Humans have free will and are self determining active agents Rejects scientific approaches in favor for individuals subject experiences Person-centered

Question 54

What is the organization of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, according to the humanistic approach?

Answer 54

Self-actualization Esteem Love/belonging Safety Physiological need

Question 55

What are physiological needs, according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the humanistic approach?

Answer 55

Air, food, water, rest, homeostasis

Question 56

What are safety needs, according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the humanistic approach?

Answer 56

Security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health

Question 57

What are love/belonging needs, according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the humanistic approach?

Answer 57

Friendship, family, sexual intimacy

Question 58

What are esteem needs, according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the humanistic approach?

Answer 58

Self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others

Question 59

What are self-actualization needs, according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the humanistic approach?

Answer 59

Morality, creativity, problem solving, spontaneity, lack of prejudice

Question 60

What is self-actualization, according to the humanistic approach?

Answer 60

The inner drive to be the best we can be, which can only be reached when all deficiency needs are met

Question 61

What is the difference between the self concept and the ideal self, according to the humanistic approach?

Answer 61

The self concept is the way we see ourselves currently, the ideal self is the way/the person we want to be

Question 62

What is congruence of the self, according to the humanistic approach?

Answer 62

Where the self concept and ideal self are aligned with one another (A gap between these leads to a state of incongruence)

Question 63

What is client centered therapy, according to the humanistic approach?

Answer 63

Encourages the individual to find their own solutions to help close the gap between the two aspects of the self using unconditional positive regard (unconditional love)

Question 64

What are conditions of worth, according to the humanistic approach?

Answer 64

Limits/boundaries set by parents on the love they can give to their child (A lack of unconditional love)

Question 65

What are the assumptions of the biological approach?

Answer 65

Biological process underpin psychological processes All thoughts, feelings and behaviours have a physiological basis

Question 66

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype, according to the biological approach?

Answer 66

Genotype is all the particular genes a person possesses Phenotype is the way those genes are expressed through interaction with environmental factors (e.g diet)

Question 67

What is the definition of a concordance rate?

Answer 67

The extent to which both twins in a pair share the same characteristic

Question 68

What idea was put forward by Darwin that has a biological basis for psychology?

Answer 68

Natural selection in which genetically determined behavior is there to increase the chance of survival and those that survive pass those genes on to the next generation