Approaches Flashcards
1
Q
Who is Wilhelm Wundt?
A
“the father of psychology”
he made the first psychology lab in germany 1870’s
2
Q
What is Introspection?
A
systematic analysis of ones own conscious experience
thought process, feelings, emotions and sensations
3
Q
What was Wundts method of introspection?
A
- presented his colleagues with a controlled stimulus and asked them to describe their inner processes
4
Q
How did Wundt control his method?
A
He used the same stimuli every time and the same standardised instructions
5
Q
What is Falsifiability?
A
the ability to test whether a theory is right or wrong
6
Q
What is Objectivity?
A
based on a fact/ can be observed
7
Q
What is Reliability?
A
using the same standardised procedure and gaining similar results
8
Q
What is the Empirical method?
A
gaining measurable data from a test
9
Q
What is a Theory?
A
systems of idea intended to explain something based on an operationalised hypothesis
10
Q
What is Theory construction?
A
creating a theory then testing it through experimentation
11
Q
What is a paradigm?
A
a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns that are agreed upon within a specific domain
12
Q
What is a paradigm shift?
A
when a theory is falsified and a new paradigm is created
13
Q
What is the scientific approach?
A
psychology is considered a science
psychologists use empirical methods to test their hypothesis
14
Q
Explain how method research is not Scientific as a limitation of Windts research
A
- not scientific
- use of introspection is non empirical and a subjective method. Ppts reporting their conscious experiences is considered unobservable.
- His approach failed bc it lacks reliability
- limitation as he didn’t use scientific methods. His research cant accurately be replicated
15
Q
Evaluate Introspection still being used by modern psychologists
A
- strength of introspection
- Hunter et al used introspective methods to make happiness measurable. Teens had to write down their thoughts at random times of the day when a beeper went off
- demonstrates how introspection is a useful tool and can provide greater understanding of human behaviour
16
Q
What is the learning approach?
A
Suggests all human behaviour is learnt and we are born a blank slate
17
Q
What are assumptions about the behaviourist approach?
A
• Behaviour is learned from experience
• Only observable behaviour is measurable
• processes that govern learning are the same in all species
18
Q
What is classical conditioning?
A
learning by association
19
Q
Describe the processes of Classical conditioning
A
Unconditioned stimulus gives unconditioned response
Neutral stimulus gives no response
Unconditioned stimulus paired with Neutral stimulus
becomes Conditioned stimulus which provides conditioned response
20
Q
How did Pavlov classically condition dogs?
A
Food = UCS and Salvation is the UCR
Paired food with the sound of a bell (NS)
Now when theu hear a bell they salvate
bell= CS salvation=CR
21
Q
Evaluate experimental method as a Strength of Pavlov.
A
- experimental method
- used controlled conditions to establish a causal relationship between the IV and DV.
- Strength as it allowed him to establish cause and effect
22
Q
Evaluate Pavlov using non human animals as a limitation
A
- non human
- dogs don’t reveal a great deal about human behaviour. unlike animals humans have free will and behaviour isnt determined by association
- his conclusions about classical conditioning might provide a valid explanation of human behaviour
23
Q
What is operant conditioning?
A
Learning through reinforcement
24
Q
What is positive reinforcement?
A
receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed
25
What is negative reinforcement?
When you’re rewarded by AVOIDING something unpleasant
26
What is a punishment?
an unpleasant consequence of a behaviour
27
What is a negative punishment?
removal of a desirable stimulus after a behaviour occurs
28
What is positive punishment?
presenting an undesirable stimulus after a behaviour occurs
29
Evaluate practical application as a strength of Behaviourist approach
- has practical applications and produced successful treatments for phobias
- classical conditioning led to systematic desensitisation which eliminates the learnt response (CR) associated with feared objects
- treated have been found to be effective. suggests the approach must have some validity
30
Evaluate behaviourist approach supported by evidence as a strength
- supported by skinners research
- demonstrated positive and negative reinforcement on rats. He rewarded them each time they pressed a lever
Also pavlov…
- strength as research suggests behaviourist approach provides an accurate explanation of behaviour
31
What is a primary reinforcer?
Directly rewarding
32
What is a Secondary reinforcer?
LEADS to a reward (e.g loyalty card)
33
evaluate practical applications as a strength of behaviourist approach
- practical applications
- CC led to systematic desensitisation which eliminates learned anxious response (CR) thats associated with a feared object. learned response replaces anxiety with positive response
- treatments are effective for many conditions. this demonstrates the contribution behaviorist approach made to psychology
34
What are the basic assumptions of the Social Learning Theory?
- behaviour is learned from the environment
- behaviour is learned from observing others
35
What is identification?
when an individual is influenced by another because they are similar to that person or wish to be like them
36
What is imitation?
when an individual is observes behaviour from a role model and copies it
37
What is Modelling?
observing the behaviour of a role model
38
What is vicarious reinforcement?
observer sees someone else receive a reward so then imitate the behaviour so they will receive that reward
39
What are the meditional processes?
ARRM
- attention
- retention
- reproduction
- motivation
40
What is Attention?
noticing a behaviour to imitate
41
What is retention?
remembering the behaviour you want to imitate. forming a memory
42
What is reproduction
whether you have the physical ability to do the behavio
43
What is the motivation?
The desire to perform the behaviour rewards motivate you to imitate it
44
what are the basic assumptions of the cognitive approach?
- The mind works like a computer that has an input and an output
- thought processes should be studied scientifically
- 
45
What is a schema?
A mental framework of our ideas about a person/situation
Everyone has their own unique scheme about a situation
As we get older, ask him become more detailed and sophisticated
46
what is a theoretical model?
Siri, that can be represented as a diagram and can be used to provide testable hypothesis
47
What is the biological approach?
Behaviour is rooted in the physiology and biology of the body
48
What are the basic assumptions of the biological approach?
behaviour is affected by:
- Genetics
- Evolution
- Central nervous system
- Biochemistry
49
What is heredity?
characteristics are passed from one generation to the next through gene
50
what is a gene?
The code for a particular trait
51
What are monozygotic twins?
100% genetically the same
52
What are dizygotic twins?
50% similar
53
What is a genotype?
an individual genetic make up. dictates characteristics e.g eyecolour
54
What is a phenotype?
an observable trait
physical characteristic that can be affected by the environment
55
What is intersexual selection?
One biological sex chooses mate of the other sex to mate with
56
What is intra sexual selection?
Competition with members of the same sex for access to members of the opposite sex
57
What is maternal love?
A form of parental investment, powerful emotion that increases the chances of a woman’s offspring surviving
58
what are mate preferences?
Who you want to form an intimate relationship with, they are adaptive
- males prefer women who display characteristics of fertility
- females prefer characteristics in men that the place status
59
What is aggression?
Assume to have evolved in animals it is adaptive and can improve survival rates and increase access to resources
60
What is aggression?
Assume to have evolved in animals it is adaptive and can improve survival rates and increase access to resources
61
What is neurochemistry?
The biochemistry of the central nervous system
62
What is neurochemistry?
The biochemistry of the central nervous system
63
What are neurotransmitters?
They effect behaviour
for example high levels of a neurotransmitter called dopamine relate to schizophrenia
64
What is natural selection?
Trade become more/less common depending on an individuals ability to survive and gather resources
65
What is sexual selection?
traits become more less common depending on an individual ability to meet with more better partners
66
What are the basic assumptions of the psychodynamic approach?
- driving force behind our behaviour is the unconscious mind
- instinct or drive motivate our behaviour
- Early childhood experiences determine our personality and adult behaviour
- Psychoanalysis should be used to make the unconscious conscious
67
What is the conscious mind?
The part of our mind we can access
68
what is the unconscious mind?
- part of the mind that’s not easy to accessible
Ha ha ha ha ha ha
- hold thoughts that will not easily surface or maybe never will
- stores desires, which is memories that the conscious has repressed
69
What is the preconscious?
Things that we could be aware of if we wanted to or tried to
70
what is the structure personality?
- ID
- Ego
- Superego
71
what is the ID?
-birth to 18 months
- Born with the ID contains primitive urges, sexual and aggressive
- Child life and selfish part of your personality
72
what is the ego?
18 months to 3 years
- develop during anal stage balance between Id and super ego
- able to delay the Id’s drive for pleasure
73
what is the super ego?
3 to 6 years
- Develop during phallic stage moral guardian demands we obey all the rules we have learnt
- Acts as individuals conscience in opposite of the Id’s. feels guilt
74
What is the defence mechanism?
message that we use unconsciously to reduce anxiety
75
What is repression?
Forgetting a painful or disturbing memory, it is pushed into the unconscious where it isn’t accessible
76
What is denial?
Refusal to expect the reality of an unpleasant situation
77
what is displacement?
When a stronger emotion is expressed onto a neutral person/object
- focusing emotions onto an uninvolved person or object
78
evaluate explanatory power as a strength of defence mechanisms
- have some explanatory power
- Some people can use them to understand their experiences since many people may appreciate the idea of the notion of displacement
- Strength as it enables people to understand their own behaviour
- Therefore defence mechanisms are valuable contribution to explaining human behaviour?
79
Evaluate lack of falsifiability as a limitation of defence mechanisms
- lacks testability and falsifiability
- they are unconscious processes that can be studied directly only inferred from reported thoughts/experiences which are open to interpretation bias
- This is a limitation because this means that hypotheses to study them cannot be tested so scientific evidence cannot be gained
- therefore they can be no scientific evidence that defence mechanisms are a valid explanation of humour behaviour
80
What is the oral stage?
0 to 12 months
- Focus on pleasure is the mouth mothers breast is the object of desire
81
What effect does the Oral stage have on Adult behaviour?
Oral fixation:
smoking
nail biting
sarcastic
critical
82
What are the divisions in the Oral stage?
Passive
Aggressive
83
What is the Anal stage?
1 - 3 yrs
focus of pleasure is the anus
child gains pleasure from withholding and expelling faeces
84
What are the divisions in the Anal stage?
Expulsive
Retentive
85
What effect does the Anal stage have on adult behaviour?
Expulsive - thoughtless, messy
Retentive - obsessive, perfectionist
86
What is the Phallic stage?
3 - 5 years
Focus of pleasure is the genital area
Child experiences **Oedipus** or **Electra** complex
87
What are the divisions in the Phallic stage
Oedipus or Electra complex
88
What effect does the phallic stage have in adult behaviour?
Phallic personality;
narcissistic
reckless
possibly homosexual
89
What is the Latent stage
6 - 12 yrs
No focus, Earlier conflicts are repressed
(no affect on adult behaviour)
90
What is the Genital phase?
12+ yrs
focus if pleasure is the genitals
sexual desires become conscious alongside the onset of puberty
91
What effect does the genital phase have on adult behaviour?
Difficulty forming sexual relationships
92
What effect does the genital phase have on adult behaviour?
Difficulty forming sexual relationships
93
Define Libido
sexual mental energy that motivates behaviour
94
What is a Fixation?
When i child gets stuck (fixated) at a particular stage
- this affects adult personality and behaviour
95
What is Gratification?
specific satisfaction or pleasure required at each psychosexual stage
96
What is the Oedipal complex?
happens in boys unconscious
- boy has sexual feelings for mother and sees father as rival
- threatened by father
- worried father will castrate him (castration anxiety)
- befriends father to reduce anxiety
97
What is the Electra complex?
around age 3 in girls unconscious
- girl realises she has no penis (
- become jealous of mum
- develop penis envy, shown by the desire for a baby
- desire father and identifies with mother
98
What is the latent stage?
age 6:
- libido is displaced throughout the body
- no complexes to resolve
- no focuses of pleasure
- Child focuses on being a child and develops social relationships
99
What is the genital stage?
- libido is focused on the genitals and stays there for the rest of the life
- everyone reaches the stage and the child becomes an adult
100
evaluate the contributions to society as a strength of the psychosexual stages of development
- contribution to society
- drawn attention to the possible long-term effects of traumatic events in childhood such as abuse
- strength it contributed to the world being of people
101
Evaluate gender bias as a limitation of the psychosexual stages
- gender biased
- theory focused almost entirely on male development with little mention of female development
- limitation as it’s a biased theory that may not apply to females and could be an example of androcentrism
102
What are assumptions of the humanist approach?
- every person is unique
- Each person is a rational and conscious being and have free will
- humour should be viewed as a whole not reduced to parts
- Scientific method is not a valid way to be humans humans are subjective
103
What is free will?
The ability to choose how to behave
- a person is responsible for their own behaviour
104
What is free will?
The ability to choose how to behave
- a person is responsible for their own behaviour
105
What is self actualisation?
attempt to achieve your full potential and become the best you can possibly be
- Every human has an innate tendency to try and self-actualise
106
How can we achieve self actualisation?
A person should be fully functioning
107
What are five characteristics of a fully functioning person?
- Open to experience
- Lives existentially (experiences)
- trust feelings
- Creative
-Has a fulfilled life
108
what are Maslow‘s hierarchy of needs?
- self actualisation
- steem needs
- Love needs
- Safety needs
- physiological needs
109
What are Rogers three selves?
- The self-concept
- Ideal self
- Real self
110
What is the self-concept?
how you perceive yourself to be
- based on life experiences and whether the individuals experience conditions of positive regard from parents
- negative self-concept = low self-esteem
111
What is the ideal self?
The person you wish to be
- Goals and ambitions in life
112
what is the real self?
The person you actually are
- If you haven’t experience unconditional positive regard as a child you may need therapy to understand who your real self is
113
What is Rogers theory of congruence?
Rogers said to receive self actualisation it’s necessary for someone to be congruent
114
What is congruence?
The ideal self real self and self-concept are similar
- This is difficult to achieve
115
what is Rogers theory of role of conditions of worth?
He assumed all people needed unconditional positive regard as it is essential to the development of a well adjusted adult
- Should to come from the mother
116
What is conditional positive regard?
Love that comes with boundaries or limits
117
What is person centred therapy?
Non-directive therapy where the client is encouraged to discover their own solutions in a non-judgemental setting
- therapist treat client with unconditional positive regard to restore the lack they received in infancy
118
If I make contribution to psychology as a strength of the humanist approach
- significant contribution to psychology
- The approach put forward an alternative viewpoint to other approaches by suggesting people are active agents who determine their own development. promoted the idea of personal responsibility and concepts such as self actualisation have been widely accepted
- Strength as the contribution of this approach to psychology knowledge of human behaviour would be limited
119
Evaluate successful treatment as a strength of humanist approach
- produced a successful treatment
- Client centred therapy and other therapy develop from this approach to effective and its popularity increased in recent years
- strength as approach clearly has practical application and as the treatment based on the approach its effectiveness indicates the approach must have some validity
120
evaluate cultural bias as a limitation of the humanist approach
- culturally biased
- The approach promotes concepts such as personal growth and naturalisation that are valued in western societies and collective coaches where people prioritise the needs of the group over their own. Such concepts may not be relevant.
- Limitation as the approach may not provide a valid area of human behaviour all cultures
