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Paper 2 Psychology > approaches > Flashcards

approaches Flashcards

1
Q

origins of psychology

who is wundt?

A
  • father of psychology
  • the first psychologist
  • opened the first psychology lab 1879
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2
Q

origins of psychology

what is introspection?

A
  • aimed to used standardised methods to analyse human consciousness (introspection)
  • he wanted to devlop
  • to isolate the structure of consciousness is called structuralism
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3
Q

origins of psychology

A03:

A

scientific:
- used standardised procedures in a controlled which led to more scientific approaches (behaviourism)

subjectivity:
- self reported data from pps is interpreted subjectively and do not know whether if it was reported accurately

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4
Q

emergence of psychology as a science

1900s behaviourism:

A
  • watson critised wundt for using subjective methods
  • stated that only behaviour can be observed and measured
  • uses well controlled lab studies
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5
Q

emergence of psychology as a science

1950s cognitive approach:

A
  • the introduction of computers led to psychology using theorertical models to explain the human mind
  • focuses on the processing
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6
Q

emergence of psychology as a science

1980s biological approach:

A

brain scans and DNA testing has made psychology more scientific by using empiriical data

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7
Q

behaviourist approach

what are the assumptions?

A
  • all behaviour is learnt
  • only studies observable and measureable behaviour
  • most research is conducted in controlled scientific labs
  • born as blank slates (no genetic influence on our behaviour)
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8
Q

behaviourist approach (classical conditioning)

what is classical conditioning?

A

behaviour that is learnt through association

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9
Q

behaviourist approach (classical conditioning)

what was little alberts study?

A

classical conditioning (little albert):
- UCS (loud noise) = UCR (fear)
- UCS (noise) + NS (rat) = UCR (fear)
- CS (rat) = CR (fear)

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10
Q

behaviourist approach (operant conditioning)

what is positive reinforcement?

A

anything to increase the likelyhood of behaviour being repeated by using consequenes that are pleasant when they happen

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11
Q

behaviourist approach (operant conditioning)

what is negative reinforcement?

A

anything to increase the likelyhood of behaviour being repeated by using consequenes that are pleasant when they stop

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12
Q

behaviourist approach (operant conditioning)

what is punishment?

A

anything unpleasant to decrease the likelyhood of any undesired behaviour

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13
Q

behaviourist approach

A03:

A

real world application:
- helps with treatmmentd for phobias

deterministic:
- skinner states free will is an illusion and everything we do is the sum of our reinforcement behaviour

animal research:
- a lot is conducted on animals suggesting its outdated and cannot be used to explain human behaviour

great validity:
- highly controlled as its usually conducted in labs and can be replicated

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14
Q

social learning theory

what are the assumptions?

A
  • based on classical and operant conditioning
  • children learn vicariously by obeying the actions and behaviour of a role model adn then imitates them
  • we are more likely to imitate prosocial behaviours and imitate those we indentify with (same sex)
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15
Q

social learning theory

what are the mediational processes?

A

attention: paying attention to role model
retention: remember what they saw
motor reproduction: be physically capable of performing the behaviour
motivation: be motivated to perform behaviour

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16
Q

social learning theory

what was banduras bobo doll study?

A
  • children saw an adult (a role model) behave both verbally and physically agressive to the bobo doll
  • found that children who saw the act were more agressive than those who didnt see the agressive model
  • boys performed more agressively than girls
17
Q

social learning theory

A03:

A

generalisability:
- rarely investiage adult behaviours and only look at the immediete effects of childrens behaviour and not the long term.

innate:
- still sees behaviour as environmentally dtermined whereas some behaviours may be innate and not learnt

cognitive factors:
- gives a fuller explanation of human behaviour as it acknowldges cognitive factors

biological explanations:
- lavine found that high dopamine levels were associated with agression

18
Q

cognitive approach

what are the assumptions?

A
  • though processes can and should be studied scientifically
  • the mind works like a computer
19
Q

cognitive approach: schemas

what are schemas?

A
  • mental framework of beliefs that are formed through experiences
  • allow us to predict what may happen or be expected of us
  • mental shortcuts which allows us to process lots of info quickly, can lead to distortions
20
Q

cognitive approach: computer models

what are theoretical models?

A
  • looks at the multi-store model which is compared to a computer

input=SM
processing=STM
output=LTM

21
Q

cognitive approach: emergence of cognitive neuroscience

what is the emergence of cognitive neuroscience?

A
  • broca & wernickes
  • phineas gage
  • mcguire, FMRIs have been used
22
Q

cognitive approach:

A03:

A

over simplified:
- computer models oversimplify complex processes

ecological validity:
- most of it is conducted in a lab which argues it could be artificial

practical application:
- led to the development of CBT which is dhwon to be effective in treating different types of patients

23
Q

biological approach:

what are the assumptions?

A
  • investigates how biological structures and processes within the body impacts behaviour
  • genes affect behaviour and influence individual psychological differences between behaviour
  • evoluntionary psychology considers genetic influences in common behaviours
  • psychologists should study the brain , NS and other bio systems
24
Q

biological approach:

what is genotype?

A

actual set of genes an individual has or is made up of

25
Q

biological approach:

what is phenotype?

A

an individuals observed traits that come from an interaction of their genotype and the environment

26
Q

biological approach:

what are twin studies?

A
  • to compare the concordance rate pf monozygotic to the concordance rate of dizygotic twins to estabilish of a trait or charateristics due to biological factors
  • monozygotics share 100% genes
27
Q

biological approach:

what is biochemistry?

A
  • biochemical imbalances can change behaviour
  • overactive dopamine receptors play a role in schizophrenia
  • seratonin levels can have an impact on dpresseive disorders
28
Q

biological approach:

what is evolution?

A
  • darwin would argue genes are inherited that aid survival (natural selection)
  • behaviours are genetically determined through genes and are passed on throughout generations
29
Q

biological approach:

A03:

A

reductionist:
- accused of being to simplisitic and ignoring the role of the environment

strong validty:
- FMRIs and EEGs have improved our ability to see the biological components to behaviour

real world application:
- drug treatments such as SRRIs have been proven to be successful in many cases

30
Q

psychodynamic approach

what are the assumptions?

A
  • unconscious processes of which we are unaware, determine our behaviour
  • personality has three parts: id, ego, superego
  • early childhood experiences determine adult personality
31
Q

psychodynamic approach

what is the tripartite personality?

A

id:
- the primitive biological part of the mind and present from birth
- consists of basic biological impulses or drives such as hunger

ego:
- mediates between the id/superego
- develops around the age of 2
- tries to reduce conflict by using defence mechanisms known as the reality principle

superego:
- judges whether our actions are right or wrong
- known as morality principle

32
Q

psychodynamic approach

what are the defence mechanisms?

A

repression:
- pushing bad experiences or negative emotions out of the conscious into the unconscious

displacement:
- transferring your feelinfd onto something or someone else other tha nthe true source of stress

denial:
- refusing to accept that somehing has or will happen when it definetly will usually a reactoin to bad news

33
Q

psychodynamic approach

what are the psychosexual stages?

A

oral (0-1yrs):
- focus of pleasure: mouth, mothers breast or bottle is desired
- later developments: smoking, biting nails, sarcasm, critical

anal (1-3yrs):
- focus of pleasure: anus, reatining or expelling feces
- later developments: obsessive and a perfectionist

phallic (3-6yrs):
- focus of pleasure: genital area, child experiences oedipus/electra complex
- later developments: vain, narcissist, homosexual

latency (6-12yrs):
- focus of pleasure: no focus just social skills
- later developments: expands social contacts

genital (12+yrs):
- focus of pleasure: genitals and become sexually intimate
- later developments: difficulty in forming normal relationships

34
Q

psychodynamic approach

A03:

A

research support:
- operationlised his theory from little hans study which demonstarted the oedipus complex

psychic determinism:
- introduced a range of therapies to help access the unconscious mind such as dream analysis

abstract concepts:
- cannot operationalise concepts such as displacement in a scientific way his theories are none falsefiable

35
Q

humanistic approach

what are the assumptions?

A
  • people have free will and can make choices but are still affected by internal and external influences
  • act as interpreters of their own world
  • interpret subjective experiences rather than attempting to create general laws
36
Q

A03:

A

holistic:
- not as deterministic as other theories as it is the idea that subjective experience can be understood by considering the whole person

culture bias:
- cannot be applied universally as self actualisation is more in the western cultures

unrealistic:
- fails to recognise that people have the capacity for self destruction

Paper 2 Psychology (4 decks)

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