Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology- Paper 2- Key Terms > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

(73 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What are the assumptions of the behaviourist approach?

A

Only studies behaviours which can be observed and measured.
Believes all behaviour is learnt. (Babies minds are like a blank slate)
The basic processes of learning ga re the same in all species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What is classical conditioning?

A

The belief that we learn by association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What is the UCS?

A

The unconditioned stimulus. This is the thing that creates the behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What is the UCR?

A

Unconditioned response. This refers to the response the stimulus before it is conditioned.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What is the NS?

A

This is the neutral stimulus which replaces the UCS, but this is what it is called before conditioning has occurred.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What is the CS?

A

The conditioned stimulus. This is wha the neutral stimulus changes into when conditioning has occurred.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What is the CR?

A

This is the conditioned response. The conditioned repose is the one in which the neutral stimulus causes, once conditioning has occurred.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What animal did Pavlov sue in his research?

A

Dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What is operant conditioning?

A

Belief we learn through association.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What is positive reinforcement?

A

This is when we gain something positive when we complete a desired behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What is negative reinforcement?

A

This is the removal of something negative, when we complete a desired behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What is punishment?

A

This is the addition of something negative, when desired behaviours are not demonstrated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Behaviourist approach-
What animals did skinner use in his research?

A

Rats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The social learning theory-
What are the assumptions?

A

That people learn through observation and imitation of others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The social learning theory-
What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Imitation of behaviour only occurs if th e behaviour is rewarded when someone else does it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The social learning theory-
What are the four steps in the mediational process?

A
  1. Attention
  2. Retention
  3. Motor reproduction
  4. Motivation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The social learning theory-
What do the first two steps in the medaitional process relate to?

A

The learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The social learning theory-
What do the last two parts of the meditational process refer to?

A

Performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The social learning theory-
What does identification refer to?

A

Individuals are more likely to replicate the behaviour of those who they share similar characteristics with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The cognitive approach-
What are the assumptions?

A

Argues internal mental processes should be studied scientifically. Looks at memory, perception and thinking. Uses inference.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The cognitive approach-
What is a schema?

A

A packet of information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The cognitive approach-
What do schemas act as?

A

An internal framework for the interpretation of incoming information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

.

A

.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The cognitive approach-
What do schemas help us to do?

A

To process information quickly, and acts as a mental shortcut.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
The cognitive approach- What are the two theoretical models?
The information processing approach and the computer model.
26
The cognitive approach- What is the information processing model?
The belief we information flows through the cognitive system in a series of stages.
27
The cognitive approach- What does the computer model compare our brains to?
The CPU
28
The cognitive approach- What is cognitive neuroscience?
The scientific study of the influence of brain structure on internal processes.
29
The cognitive approach- What area of the brain is an example of the use of cognitive neuroscience?
Broca’s area
30
The cognitive approach- What did CN find out about different long term memory stores?
That different long term memory stores are located in different parts of the brain
31
The cognitive approach- What is a possible future application of CN?
Eyewitness testimony
32
The biological approach- What are the assumptions?
To fully understand human behaviour we must look at biological structures and processes.
33
The biological approach- What is the neurochemical bias of behaviour?
An imbalance of neurochemicals in the brain can be mistaken for a mental disorder. (Low levels of serotonin==OCD, low levels of dopamine==schizophrenia)
34
The biological approach- What is the genetic bias of behaviour?
Twin studies are done to assess concordance rates, to see if things like intelligence rates are inherited.
35
The biological approach- What is a genotype?
Actual genetic makeup
36
The biological approach- What is phenotype?
The expression of someone’s genotype.
37
The biological approach- What is natural selection?
Any genetically determines behaviour enhances an individuals chance of survival.
38
The biological approach- What s an example of a study?
Looked at concordance rates of depression in twins. MZ= 49% DZ= 17% Ordinary siblings = 9%
39
The psychodynamic approach- What is the unconscious mind?
The part of the mind which we store things we dont want to remember
40
The psychodynamic approach- What does the preconscious mind contain?
Memories we are not currently aware of but we can access if we want
41
The psychodynamic approach- What are the three aspects of the personality?
ID EGO and SUPEREGO
42
The psychodynamic approach- What is the ID?
The primitive part of the personality, the pleasure principle. Present at birth, and is selfish and gets what it wands.
43
The psychodynamic approach- What is the EGO?
The reality principle, mediator between the two aspects of personality.
44
The psychodynamic approach- What is the SUPEREGO?
This is formed in the phallic stage. It is our internalised sense of right and wrong.
45
The psychodynamic approach- What are Freuds phsyochosexual stages?
Oral- pleasure in the mouth Anal- pleasure in the anus Phallic- pleasure ine the genital area Latency- repression Genital- puberty, sexual desires become conscious.
46
The psychodynamic approach- What is an oral fixation?
Smoking biting nails, sarcastic, critical
47
The psychodynamic approach- What is anal retentive?
Perfectionist, obsessive
48
The psychodynamic approach- What is anal expulsive?
Thoughtless, messy
49
The psychodynamic approach- What is phallic personality?
Narsasistic, reckless
50
The psychodynamic approach- What does unresolved conflict in the genital stage mean?
Difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
51
The psychodynamic approach- What are defence mechanisms?
Ensure that EGO is able to prevent us form being overwhelmed by temporary threat s and traumas.
52
The psychodynamic approach- What are the three defence mechanisms?
Denial, repression, displacement
53
The humanistic approach- What is one of the main pillars of this approach?
Free will, it is the only approach to consider this
54
The humanistic approach- Is the humanistic approach scientific?
No
55
The humanistic approach- What is Maslow hierarchy of needs?
What motivates our behaviour, to achieve our primary goal of self actualisation.
56
The humanistic approach- What are some examples of different things in mallows hierarchy?
Bottom- food water Next- safety security Next- self esteem Top- self actualisation
57
The humanistic approach- What is self actualisaiton?
The desire to achieve our full potential.
58
The humanistic approach- What did Rodger’s argue?
Personal growth is achieved when an individuals sense of self lines up with their ideal self
59
The humanistic approach- Wha kind of therapy di dredgers develop?
Client centred therapy
60
The humanistic approach- What is unconditional positive regard?
Unconditional love
61
The humanistic approach- When does a parent create the conditions of worth?
When they say ‘I will only love you if..’
62
The humanistic approach- What is client centred therapy also known as?
Counselling
63
The humanistic approach- Is CCT directive or non-directive?
Non-directive
64
The humanistic approach- What is the aim of CCT?
Increase a persons feelings of self worth, reduce gap between self and the ideal self
65
Comparison- Development?
Psychodynamic= most coherent Cognitive= contributed to understanding, Biological= focuses on genetically determined changes Learning theory’s= not coherent
66
Comparison- Nature vs nurture?
Guess
67
Comparison- Reductionism?
All but humanistic
68
Comparison- Determinism?
Hard: Behaviourist (en), biological (genetic), psychodynamic (psy) Soft: Cognitive (choose), social learning theory (reciprocal determinsm), Free will: Humanistic
69
Comparison- Treatment
70
Origins- What did Wundt open?
The first psychology lab
71
Origins- What did Wundt aim to develop?
Theories about mental processes.
72
Origins- What is structuralism?
Identifying the structure of consciousness.
73
Origins- What is introspection?
Th e first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind, by breaking up conscious awareness and the basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations.

Psychology- Paper 2- Key Terms (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions