approaches

Question 1

“A unique form of human knowledge that needs to be examined on its own terms.”

Answer 1

formalist

Question 2

examines the form of the work as a whole, the form of each individual part of the text (the individual scenes and chapters), the characters, the settings, the tone, the point of view, the diction, and all other elements of the text which join to make it a single text.

Answer 2

formalist

Question 3

can show how the various parts of a work are welded together to make an organic whole

Answer 3

formalist

Question 4

This approach examines a text as a self-contained object; it does not, therefore, concern itself with biographical information about the author, historical events outside of the story, or literary allusions, mythological patterns, or psychoanalytical traits of the characters (except those aspects described specifically in the text.)

Answer 4

formalist

Question 5

focuses on the structure and form of a literary work, emphasizing the use of language, style, and technique rather than the author’s intent or historical context. Formalists believe that understanding the formal elements of a work is essential to appreciating its artistry and craftsmanship

Answer 5

formalist

Question 6

This approach is concerned with the aesthetic qualities of literature and encourages readers to pay close attention to elements such as imagery, symbolism, and metaphor.

Answer 6

formalist

Question 7

all the elements necessary for understanding the work are contained within the work itself, such as the style,
structure, tone, and imagery.

Answer 7

formalist

Question 8

the ultimate goal of the critique is to identify how these elements are put together in the text to shape its effects to
the readers.

Answer 8

formalist

Question 9

primarily looks at the structural purposes of the text without taking into account any outside influence.

Answer 9

formalist

Question 10

“Begins with the simple but central insight that literature is written by actual people and that understanding an author’s life can help readers more thoroughly comprehend the work.”

Answer 10

biographical / historical

Question 11

social, cultural, political and intellectual context that includes the artist’s biography and milieu

Answer 11

biographical / historical

Question 12

consider a work’s first-order context - the author’s life - and recognizes literary study as being an art not a science

Answer 12

biographical / historical

Question 13

believed that the meaning of the literary text can become different when it is viewed using the lens of the author’s
life

Answer 13

biographical / historical

Question 14

Literary meaning is grounded in the author.
The author is the context in which the work is studied and is the cause of the work’s meaning.

Answer 14

biographical / historical

Question 15

the search for the author’s original intention.

Answer 15

biographical / historical

Question 16

To ask what a literary work means, according to the historical critic, is to ask what the author meant when he or she created it.

Answer 16

biographical / historical

Question 17

In order to study the author as context, it is necessary for the historical critic to examine the work against its historical surroundings and determine how these surroundings worked with the individuality of the author and the individuality of the age to create and define the text.

Answer 17

biographical / historical

Question 18

assumes that the relationship between art and society is organic; views a literary work in relation to the standards and social milieu of the period in which it was produced.

Answer 18

biographical / historical

Question 19

assumes that by examining the facts and motives of an author’s life, the meaning and intent of his /her literary work can be illuminated.

Answer 19

biographical / historical

Question 20

this kind of criticism sees a literary work chiefly, it not exclusively, as a reflection of its author’s life and times or the life and times of the characters in the work.

Answer 20

biographical / historical

Question 21

examines how sexual identity influences the creation of the literary text;

Answer 21

gender

Question 22

an extension of feminist literary criticism, focusing not just on women but on the construction of gender and sexuality, especially LGBTQ issues, which gives rise to queer theory

Answer 22

gender

Question 23

suggests that power is not just top down or patriarchal - a man dominating a woman; it suggests that power is multifaceted and never just in one direction.

Answer 23

gender

Question 24

examines how sexual identity influences the creation, interpretation, and evaluation of literary works

Answer 24

gender

Question 25

it examines how an author may have influenced gender perception through a work of literature.

Answer 25

gender

Question 26

an ideology of masculinity; and ideology opposed to, or opposed by feminism.

Answer 26

masculinist

Question 27

a social theory or political movement arguing that legal and social restrictions on females must be removed in order to bring about equality of both sexes in all aspects of public and private life

Answer 27

feminist

Question 28

attempts to correct the imbalance of the sexes by analyzing and combating the patriarchal attitudes that have dominated western thought.

Answer 28

feminist

Question 29

advocated by poet Robert Bly which focuses on the desire to work with men's issues & yields to the political conviction that feminism does not fit with the facts.

Answer 29

masculinist

Question 30

expressed that psychoanalytic theories changed our notions of human behavior in which authors explore new or controversial areas like wish fulfillment, sexuality, the unconscious and repression.

Answer 30

sigmund freud

Question 31

influenced by psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud

Answer 31

psychological

Question 32

expand the understanding of how language and symbols operate by demonstrating their ability to reflect unconscious fears or desires.

Answer 32

psychological

Question 33

theories about the unconscious which are the primary foundation of Mythological Criticism

Answer 33

carl jung

Question 34

a critical approach to literature that employs psychological theories to examine aspects of a literary work as a way to better understand both the author’s mind and the characters, themes, and other elements of the text.

Answer 34

psychological

Question 35

the mind is at the center of our target

Answer 35

psychological

Question 36

This approach draws on theories and concepts from psychology, such as psychoanalysis and behavioral psychology, to analyze literary works.

Answer 36

psychological

Question 37

It often focuses on the motivations, desires, and conflicts of the characters, and how they are reflected in the structure and themes of the work.

Answer 37

psychological

Question 38

iterature can be used to explore and understand the human psyche, including unconscious and repressed desires and fears.

Answer 38

psychological

Question 39

explore how the characters in a work of literature are shaped by their early childhood experiences or their relationships with their parents.

Answer 39

psychological

Question 40

in a cultural, economic, and political context that explores the linkage between the author and his society

Answer 40

sociological

Question 41

the critic scrutinizes the author’s society to grasp a better understanding about the masterpiece

Answer 41

sociological

Question 42

believes that all art is political. It is either challenging or endorsing the status quo. It is evaluative and judgmental.

Answer 42

sociological

Question 43

an example of sociological criticism that highlights the economic and political elements of art focusing on the ideological content of literature.

Answer 43

marxist

Question 44

focuses on the relationship between literature and society, the social function of literature

Answer 44

sociological

Question 45

an approach to literature used by critics interested in examining the social, political, and economic settings in which drama, poetry, and fiction are written and read.

Answer 45

sociological

Question 46

directed to understanding literature in its larger social context; it codifies the literary strategies that are employed to represent social constructs through a sociological methodology.

Answer 46

sociological

Question 47

an approach to diagnosing political and social problems in terms of the struggles between members of different socio-economic classes

Answer 47

marxist

Question 48

class struggle. the alienation of the individual under capitalism.

Answer 48

marxist

Question 49

focuses on themes, views of the world, morality, philosophies of the author and the like for this approach establishes its purpose of teaching morality and investigating philosophical issues

Answer 49

moral / philosophical

Question 50

view of life and between good or evil

Answer 50

moral / philosophical

Question 51

evaluates the ethical content of literary works.

Answer 51

moral / philosophical

Question 52

literature can have positive effects on people by increasing their compassion and moral sensitivity, but it can have negative effects on people, too.

Answer 52

moral / philosophical

Question 53

concerned with the rights and wrongs of values, ethics or norms people uphold, what is good and bad about what people do, or the rights and wrongs of the conditions people face.

Answer 53

moral / philosophical

Question 54

examines the work in terms of the motivations of the characters and the writers who create them

Answer 54

psychological

Question 55

analyzes the symbolic fictions that arise from the inner thoughts and subconscious of the characters or the writers and attempts to explain them in a rational manner.

Answer 55

psychological

Question 56

“a symbol, character, situation, or image that evokes a deep universal response.”

Answer 56

mythological

Question 57

a set of primal memories common to the human race, existing below each person’s conscious mind—

Answer 57

collective unconscious

Question 58

often deriving from primordial phenomena such as the sun, moon, fire, night, and blood, archetypes

Answer 58

collective unconscious

Question 59

defined archetypes in a more limited way as "a symbol, usually an image , which recurs often enough in the literature to be recognizable as an element of one's literary experience as a whole."

Answer 59

Northrop Frye

Question 60

tend to view literary works in the broader context of works sharing a similar pattern

Answer 60

mythological

Question 61

examines recurring patterns that represent universal situations and experiences.

Answer 61

mythological

Question 62

assumes that human beings all over the world have basic experiences in common and have developed similar stories, characters, and symbols to express these experiences.

Answer 62

mythological

Question 63

uses hopes, fears, and expectations set by certain cultures to uncover universal ideas or themes in certain literature.

Answer 63

mythological

Question 64

we all share a general subconscious and archetypes are universal.

Answer 64

mythological

Question 65

argues that archetypes determine the form and function of literary works, that a text's meaning is shaped by cultural and psychological myths.

Answer 65

mythological