Approaches Flashcards
(69 cards)
whos the father of psychology and how did he contribute to psychology emerging?
wilhelm wundt is the father of psychology
he contributed to the emergence of psychology by opening the first lab based on psychology in leipzig city in germany , he also is the first one to publish a book on psychology
-and his the first one to study the brain in a scientific way using introspection
how did psychology emerge
wundt separated psychology from philosophy by analysing the workings of the mind in a more structured way with emphasis being on objective measurements and control
how did wundt investigate the structure of the human mind
using a method called introspection
give the definition of introspection
a systematic method used to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thought images and sensation
what is the process of introspection
1) participants are trained to report conscious experiences as objectively as possible
2) participants would be asked to focus on sensory object often ticking metronome
3)participants would systematically report their experiences of the object by breaking their thoughts into separate elements (sensation, though and images)
what are 2 disadvantages of using scientific methods to investigate psychology
-focuses on being objective and conducting research in strictly controlled environment. this tells us little about how people will behave in their natural environments
-there are certain areas of the human behaviour and mind that cannot be observed therefore cannot be measured using the scientific method
what are 2 advantages of using scientific methods to investigate psychology
-knowledge acquired is accurate and produces facts due to the use of objective and controlled studies
-allows causes of behaviour to be established and theories developed which then can be tested and modified . once cause is established treatment can be developed
what are the 2 types of conditioning
-classical conditioning
-operant conditioning
what is classical conditioning?
classical conditioning: also known as associative learning, argues an unconditioned response (e.g. salivating to food) can be triggered by a neutral stimulus (e.g. the sound of foot steps) through repeated pairing. eventually the neutral stimulus alone produces the conditioned response (e.g. salivating to the sound of food steps)
who invented classical conditioning and how
-classical conditioning was developed by Ivan Pavlov
-he conditioned a dog to salivate when they heard a bell ring
how did Pavlov carry out classical conditioning
he introduced a neutral stimulus which was a BELL ,and he introduced an unconditioned stimulus which was the DOG FOOD. when these were paired the DOG SALIVATED which is an unconditioned response . after many pairings the neutral stimulus the bell is able to reproduce the same response of salivation with out the unconditioned stimulus which is the food
this creates an conditioned stimulus which is the food and creates an conditioned response which is salivation
outline and explain the stimuluses and responses in classical conditioning
neutral stimulus- a stimulus that has no response
unconditioned stimulus- stimulus that provides a natural reflex response
unconditioned response- natural response to a stimulus
conditioned stimulus- the neutral conditioned stimulus being conditioned
conditioned response- a response that is learnt and now occurs when the CS is presented
what is operant conditioning?
operant conditioning: is also known as learning by reinforcement. when a creature performs voluntary responses, it learns from the consequences of those actions. Consequences that are rewarding reinforce a behaviour, so they are performed more frequently, and and actions that result in consequences that are punishing are performed less
how did skinner demonstrate operant conditioning?
skinner places a hungry rat in something called the skinner box. the skinner box consisted of a dispenser and eventually as the rat explored the cage it would press on a lever that would release a food pellet ( the food pellet acts as a reward). the rat learns pressing on the lever leads to a positive consequence reinforcing more leaver pulling behaviour
what are the types of reinforcements and how do they work?
positive reinforcement: is adding a pleasant stimulus to encourage a desired behaviour
negative reinforcement: is removing an unpleasant stimulus to encourage the behaviour (in simple terms it is behaviour that makes something unpleasant go away)
punishment: discourages behaviour. it can be positive, adding an unpleasant stimulus . or it can be negative , which involves removing a pleasant stimulus
evaluate behaviourism
-a strength of behaviourist research is that it is scientific because it is studies objectively observable and measurable stimulus-response mechanisms. they establish cause-and-effect relationships through highly controlled lap experiments that manipulate variables systematically. such standardised procedures allows the replication of pavlovs and skinners work.
-another strength is is that behaviourist approach is that it has several practical applications, such as counter-conditioning treatments, token economy systems in prisons and conditioning techniques used for classroom management. the fact that these applications are effective helps reduce maladaptive behaviour and suggests the behaviourist principles they are based on are valid
-however there are many limitations to the behaviourist approach is that both pavlov and skinners studies use animals in their findings so their findings may not be generalisable to human behaviour
-another limitation is that the behaviourist behavioural modification techniques develop from studying animals have been criticised as unethical when applied to humans.
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what is social learning theory
SLT believes we learn through observing and imitating role models (i,e, people around us or in the media)- a process called modelling
what is modelling
modelling: individuals we observe and imitate are referred to as models; live models include parents, friends, and family members. we can also learn from symbolic models, such as characters from movies and books
what is identification?
identification: not all models have the same likelihood of being imitated. we are more likely to imitate models with similar characteristics such as gender and age or people perceived to be high status
what is vicarious reinforcement?
vicarious reinforcement: where a learner sees a model rewarded for their actions so the learner will copy that behaviour to get the same reward
what is vicarious punishment?
vicarious punishment: where a learner sees a model punished for a behaviour so they will not copy the behaviour
when does meditational processes take place and what are the 4 stages the mediational process consist of?
mediational processes take place in-between observing a model perform a behaviour and then you imitating that behaviour
the 4 stages of the mediational process:
- attention
- retention
- reproduction
- motivation
describe each of the 4 mediational processes
- attention: in order to learn from a model, individuals must pay attention to the model by focusing on specific behaviours
-retention: the ability to remember the observed behaviour. tis involves encoding the observed behaviour into memory so it can be retrieved later
-reproduction: the individual beliefs in their ability to replicate the behaviour that the model demonstrated. this depends on the individuals physical capabilities as well as the remembered details of the behaviour
-motivation: the willingness to perform the behaviour, which is influenced by the expected outcomes such as rewards or punishments people may receive by imitating the behaviour they observed
who is bandura ?
bandura is a social learning theorist who tested SLT concepts of modelling and imitation by conducting an experiment to see if children would copy aggressive behaviour demonstrated by an adult towards an inflatable toy known as a bobo doll
