approaches Flashcards
(178 cards)
1
Q
Who is Wilhelm Wundt, and what did he believe about psychology?
A
- often described as one of the founders of psychology
- believed all aspects of human behaviour and the human mind could be scientifically studied
2
Q
what was Wilhelm Wundts laboratory called?
A
the institute of experimental psychology
3
Q
What is Wilhelm Wundts psychological approach called?
A
structuralism
4
Q
What was Wundts key technique?
A
introspection
5
Q
What is introspection, and what dies the process consist of?
A
- process of examining ones own thoughts
- subjects presented with problem to solve
- report back their inner thoughts/ monologue and experiences whilst completing the problem
6
Q
What is empiricism?
A
the concept that knowledge and abilities are gained through observation and experience, rather than being innate
7
Q
What is empiricism?
A
the concept that knowledge and abilities are gained through observation and experience, rather than being innate
8
Q
how did Wundts approach instigate today’s psychology?
A
it began;
- the use of standardised procedures
- the use of observation and experimentation on human and animal behaviour
- the use of controlled conditions
9
Q
what does the Hypothetico-Deductive model consist of?
A
- observation
- theory
- testing
- findings
10
Q
draw the hypothetico-deductive model and label what each section is for
A
- observation: observation of phenomena in the world
- theory: theory developed to explain observation + hypothesis is developed
- testing: hypothesis tested by using empirical methods
- findings: results analysed to evaluate if hypothesis is supported or not
- findings used to refine and modify theory, then retested and repeated until theory is solid
11
Q
what is FROGS?
A
- features of science that were utilised by Wundt, that help you to know if your theory is good
- Falsifiable, Replicable, Objective, General laws, Systematic
12
Q
what is meant by falsifiable?
A
- evidence can be refuted by new evidence
13
Q
what is meant by replicable?
A
results of study can be easily repeated and same results are obtained
14
Q
what is meant by objective?
A
an unbiased view of a theory or approach
15
Q
what is meant by general laws?
A
a theory or the research should provide and stick to “general laws” about/in psychology
16
Q
what is meant by general laws?
A
a theory or the research should provide and stick to “general laws” about/in psychology
17
Q
What is meant by systematic?
A
the method should be objective and well ordered for close examination of an aspect of behaviour, in order to receive reliable, unbiased results
18
Q
what are the evaluation points for the origins of psychology?
A
(+) practical applications (useful general laws)
(-) highly subjective (introspection)
(+) practical applications (made psych more scientific)
(-) lacks generalisability (andro and ethno centric)
19
Q
what is the main assumption of the biological approach?
A
that all behaviour is driven by physical or physiological factors
20
Q
what does the biological approach suggest about human behaviour?
A
that it is all driven by genetic factors, neurochemistry and biological structures
21
Q
where does the biological approach sit in the nature vs nurture debate?
A
massively believes in nature, and emphasises our nature in shaping our behaviour
22
Q
define evolution
A
gradual changes within a species over several generations in response to environmental pressures
23
Q
define natural selection
A
process by which organisms with enhanced inherited characteristics which boost survival chances reproduce and pass their genes on to the next generation
24
Q
define adaptive
A
the change in a behaviour or trait which increases chance of survival and reproduction
25
What does darwins theory of evolution suggest about behaviour?
that only behaviours which are adaptive and increase chance of survival will be passed on through generations
26
what did Seligman suggest about phobias?
that we are biologically prepared to rapidly acquire phobias of things which could be potentially harmful
27
what is a genotype?
the entire amount of genetic information in an organism
28
what is a phenotype?
the set of observable characteristics of an individual
29
what is PKU?
- a rare genetic disorder
- if left untreated can cause severe learning disabilities
30
what did Raine et al find when using PET scans on murderers who pleaded insanity to identify areas of their brains?
- found reduced activity in prefrontal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus
- abnormal asymmetries; increased activity on one side and reduced on the other
31
where is brocas area?
in the left frontal lobe
32
where is Wernickes area?
top of left temporal lobe
33
what are the four sections in the biological approach?
- neurochemistry
- neuroanatomy
- evolution
- genes
34
what are neurotransmitters?
- chemical messengers
- released by pre synaptic neuron and received by a post synaptic neuron ovet a synapse
- receptors in PostSN attach to neurotransmitters via lock and key system
35
what is the key role of GABA
- regulate anxiety, vision and motor control
- too low = poor impulse control, bipolar, seizures
- too high = hypersomnia, lack of energy
36
what is the role of adrenaline?
- fight or flight
37
what is the role of serotonin?
- mood control, anxiety control, appetite, pain control, sleep cycle control
- too high = restlessness and confusion
38
what are the evaluation points for the biological approach?
(+) practical applications (help treat mental health)
(-) research lacks validity (animal research)
(+) extremely scientific so reliable (objective and falsifiable methods)
(-) methodological issues (no cause and effect)
(+) evidence (maguire fMRI, taxi drivers)
39
who are the main psychologists involved in the learning approach?
- pavlov
- skinner
- watson
40
what does the learning theory believe the main cause of behaviour is?
environment
41
what are the main assumptions of the learning approach?
- all behaviour is learnt
- all we have at birth is the ability to learn
- in order for psychology to be scientific it should focus on observable behaviour
42
what are the 3 main way the learning approach believes behaviour can be learnt?
- consequences
- imitation
- association
43
is learning approach nature or nurture?
extreme end of nurture
44
what are the two distinctions of the learning approach?
- behaviourism
- social learning theory
45
who was the behaviourist approach developed by?
- pavlov
- skinner
- watson
46
what are the two main parts of the behaviourist approach?
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
47
describe pavlovs research for classical conditioning
- research to see if dogs could salivate in response to a bell
1. before conditioning;
unconditioned S = unconditioned R
food = saliva
2. during conditioning;
unconditioned S + neutral S = unconditioned R
food + bell = saliva
3. after conditioning;
conditioned S = conditioned R
bell = saliva
48
what does the term extinction mean in relation to classical conditioning?
refers to when the conditioned stimulus is continually present without the unconditioned stimulus, causing the conditioned response to gradually die out
49
what does the term spontaneous recovery mean in relation to classical conditioning?
refers to when the conditioned response is not reinforced and becomes extinct, but suddenly reappears again
50
what does the term discrimination mean in relation to classical conditioning?
refers to when the conditioned response is only produced by presentation of the original conditioned stimulus
51
what does the term generalisation mean in relation to classical conditioning?
refers to when the conditioned response is extended from the original conditioned stimulus to other similar stimuli
52
what does the term one trial learning mean in relation to classical conditioning?
refers to when conditioning occurs immediately
53
what type of learning is classical conditioning?
learning by association
54
what type of learning is operant conditioning?
learning by consequences
55
describe skinners research for operant conditioning?
- skinner believed the likelihood of repeating a behaviour depended on the consequences of that behaviour in the past
- “skinners box”
- pellet dispenser
- rat clicked button and got a treat
- learns to click it for reward
- sometimes rat gets shocked, doesnt press again
- sometimes has to click 3x, learns to click 3 times
56
what is a primary reinforcer and give an example?
- anything that fulfils a basic biological need
- food fulfils hunger
- water fulfils thirst
57
what is a secondary reinforcer and give an example?
- something that only becomes a reinforcer when it is associated with a primary reinforcer
- a caregiver gives food which fulfils hunger
58
what are the two schedules of reinforcement?
- continuous reinforcement
- partial reinforcement
59
what is continuous reinforcement? give an example that links to skinners box research
- when desired behaviour is reinforced/rewarded every time that it occurs
- the rats in skinners box would receive a food pellet every time they pulled the lever
60
what is partial reinforcement? give an example that relates to skinners box
- when desired behaviour is reinforced some of the time
- the rat in skinners box would receive a food pellet after it pushed the lever 3 times
61
what are the 3 types of reinforcement in behaviourism?
- positive reinforcement
- negative reinforcement
- punishment
62
what is positive reinforcement? give an example that relates to skinners box
- refers to increasing frequency of a desired behaviour by giving a pleasant consequence
- when the rat pushes the lever, it receives a food pellet
63
what is negative reinforcement? give an example that relates to skinners box
- refers to increasing the frequency of a desired behaviour by removing something unpleasant
- rat learns to press the lever to remove electrical current in the floor
64
what is punishment in behaviourism? give an example that relates to skinners box
- refers to decreasing the frequency of a desired behaviour by giving an unpleasant consequence
- rather than receives an electric shock when it pushes the lever
65
what are the evaluation points for the behaviourist approach?
(+) credible evidence (little albert)
(+) extremely scientific and reliable (objective methods when studying observable behaviours)
(-) methodological issues (not generalisable)
(+) practical applications (phobias)
(-) environmental determinism (incomplete)
66
what are some evaluative points for operant and classical conditioning?
classical;
(+) research support
(-) theoretical flaw (other theories)
operant;
(+) practical applications (plastic bags costing money, sugar tax)
(-) environmentally reductionist (disregards cognitive processes)
67
what is the main basis of the social learning theory?
still uses concepts like reinforcement, but unlike behaviourism, the key idea in this approach is imitation
68
who does the social learning. theory approach state that we imitate behaviour from?
role models
69
what are the five key terms in social learning theory?
- imitation
- identification
- modelling
- vicarious reinforcement
- vicarious punishment
70
what is the definition of imitation in the social learning theory?
- is the act of copying or mimicking a behaviour that we have observed in a role model, which may have gotten them positive feedback
- a shallow, surface level behaviour
71
what is identification in social learning theory?
- the act of taking on the beliefs and attitudes of people we observe and want to be like in order to imitate their behaviour
72
what is modelling in social learning theory?
- the act of copying the behaviour of a role model
- either a live, verbal or symbolic model
73
what is vicarious reinforcement in social learning theory?
occurs when an individual sees a role model being rewarded for a certain behaviour, and therefore are motivated to imitate this behaviour in order to receive the same result
74
what is vicarious punishment in social learning theory?
occurs when an individuals tendency to do a certain behaviour is reduced or weakened after seeing the negative consequences for someone else who engaged in that behaviour
75
what are the mediational processes in social learning theory?
- attention
- retention
- reproduction
- motivation
76
what is a mediational process?
internal, mental (cognitive) processes required for a new behaviour to be able to take place
77
who came up and refined the social learning theory?
albert bandura
78
describe the attention mediational process in social learning theory
refers to how the observer has to concentrate on the models behaviour in order to be able to imitate it
79
describe the retention mediational process in social learning theory
refers to how the observed behaviour has to be remembered and stored in the observer’s memory if it is later going to be imitated
80
describe the reproduction mediational process in social learning theory
refers to how the observer must be able to physically imitate/replicate the observed models behaviour
81
describe the motivation mediational process in social learning theory
refers to how the observer must actually want to imitate the observed behaviour
82
what was the aim of Bandura’s bobo doll study?
- to see whether aggression could be modelled to young children by adult role models
- to see if same sex role models had a greater influence on children’s behaviour
83
what was the size, age and gender of banduras sample in his bobo doll study?
- 72 children
- aged 3-5
- 36 girls and 36 boys
84
what was the procedure of Banduras bobo doll study?
- 8 groups; - each with 6 participants
- 4 with aggressive, 4 without
- in the room there was a bobo doll, hammer
and other toys
- the aggressive model would shout at and
attack the doll, whereas as the non
agressive model sat passively and did not
interact with the doll
- after watching this for 10 minutes the
participants were taken to a holding
room for 2 minutes, where they were
told they werent allowed to play wjth any
toys
- then the participants were taken to a room
with similar toys and left alone for 20
minutes, where they were observed via
one way glass
85
what were the groups in Banduras bobo doll study?
- 72 participants
- split into 3x24 groups, each with 12 boys
and 12 girls
- two of the groups were then split into 2
groups of 12
- these groups were aggressive and non
aggressive models
- these groups were then split into male model
and female model, each of which contained
6 girls and 6 boys
- the last 24 was split into 12 girls and 12
boys and they were left aline with no model
86
what were the findings of Banduras bobo doll study?
- children in the aggressive models group
made far more imitative responses than the
other groups
- girls in the aggressive groups showed more
physical aggression if the model was male
and more verbal aggression if the model was
female
- boys were more likely to imitate same sex
models than girls were
- boys imitated more physical aggression
than girls, but similar verbal aggression
87
what are some evaluation points for Banduras bobo doll study?
(+) well balanced sample (generalisable)
(+) practical applications (shows how easily
children imitate behaviour)
(-) ethics
88
what are some evaluative points for social learning theory?
(+) practical applications (bandura)
(+) research is scientific (can be retested)
(-) incomplete theory (doesnt account for
biological effects on behaviour)
(+) provides explanations for addiction
89
what is alpha bias?
refers to when a theory or research over exaggerates the sex differences and creates stereotypes
90
what is beta bias?
refers to when a theory or research minimises the sex difference
91
what are the main assumptions of the cognitive approach?
- all behaviour is driven by internal mental
processes (cognitive primacy)
- believes we process information in a
linear, systematic way
- makes a lot of inferences as we cannot
see cognitive processes
92
what are the four main factors of the cognitive approach?
- study of internal mental processes
- theoretical and computer models
to explain mental processes
- role of the schema
- emergence of cognitive neuroscience
93
what concept does the cognitive approach study and why?
- attention, perception, memory and other
thought processes
- to study behaviours and emotions that have
cognitive roots
94
how does the cognitive approach make inferences?
by studying and measuring behaviours
95
what is an inference?
the process by which cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate, based on observed behaviour
96
what two models were developed by cognitive psychologists to show the way diverse mental processes work?
- the information processing approach
- the computer analogy
97
what is the information processing approach?
-an approach that believes we process information in a linear and systematic way
input ————-> process———-> output
- output is our behaviour produced from the stimuli
- process is our schemas and life experience helping us interpret the stimuli
98
what is the computer analogy?
- compares human minds to computers, with hardware and software
- in this analogy the “hardware” is the organic matter in our skull and the “software” is cognitive processes
- states “hardware” is essentially the same for everyone, but “software” is different
99
who came up with the concept of a schema?
- jean piaget
100
what is a schema?
- a cognitive structure that contains all the knowledge we have about a specific person, object or activity
- we have a schema for everything and it is based off of our experiences
- they help us make sense of new situations and the world
101
why may schemas not be useful?
they can sometimes be inaccurate, causing us to misinterpret situations and act incorrectly
102
what is the aim of cognitive neuroscience?
to explore neuro anatomical/ chemical mechanisms that are responsible for cognitive processes
103
what is the cognitive process identified by post mortem examination?
identifies Brocas area which is involved in process of speech production
104
what are some evaluation points for the cognitive approach?
(+) research evidence (temple Wisconsin
longitudinal study)
(-) cognitive mechanical reductionism/
incomplete explanation ( neglects emotion)
(+) practical applications (cognitive interview)
(+) research to support computational and
theoretical models (glanzer and cunitz)
105
how is a schema created?
1. assimilation
2. disequilibrium
3. accommodation
4. equilibrium
106
what is assimilation when referring to a schema?
refers to when you try to fit something new into a pre existing schema
107
what is disequilibrium when referring to a schema?
the feeling of discomfort when realising the new information youve received doesnt align with your pre existing schema
108
what is accommodation when referring to a schema?
the process of altering or creating a new schema to fit in a new piece of information
109
what is equilibrium when referring to a schema?
refers to when everything fits into a schema, and peace is restored ☮️
110
who founded the psychodynamic approach?
Sigmund Freud
111
what are the main assumption of the psychodynamic approach?
- all our behaviour can be motivated by unconscious motives and events that occurred in early childhood
-
112
what are the four sections of the psychodynamic approach?
- role of the unconscious mind
- structure of personality
- defence mechanisms
- psychosexual stages of development
113
what does freud suggest our conscious mind consists of?
- thoughts we are aware of
- perceptions and everyday thoughts
114
what does freud suggest the three sections of the mind are?
- conscious
- preconscious
- unconscious
115
what does freud say our preconscious is, and consists of?
- just beneath the surface
- contains memories and stored knowledge
- can access if needed
116
what does freud say our unconscious consists of?
- information that is very hard or impossible to retrieve
- biggest part of our mind
- fears and instincts
- painful, distressing or embarrassing material
- shameful or traumatic past experiences
117
what is the role of the unconscious mind?
- to direct and motivate behaviour without conscious thought
- protect us from material that would damage the psyche if it was recalled into conscious awareness
118
what did freud suggest the three parts of our personality are?
- Id
- ego
- superego
119
what is the id?
- the unconscious mind
- contains and controls primitive desires
- demands instant gratification
- operating on a pleasure principle
- innate
120
what is the ego?
- conscious mind
- how we perceive ourselves and the world
- reality principle
- focuses on more realistic goals
- balances the superego and the id
- develops around 3
- can deploy defence mechanisms
121
what is the superego?
- unconscious mind
- responsible for moral and social constraints
- morality principle
- develops around 6
- opposes the id
122
what is the purpose of defence mechanisms?
to protect the ego from trauma
123
what are the four defence mechanisms?
- displacement
- denial
- repression
- regression
124
what is displacement?
- an unconscious redirection of emotion onto a powerless substitute target
- target can be a person or object
- e.g a child who is a bully may be being bullied at home and redirecting their emotions
125
what is repression?
- used by the ego to protect us from threatening or traumatic experiences
- pushing a memory, event or feeling deep into the unconscious, where is cannot be reached because it is too much for the ego to bear
- happens unconsciously
126
what is denial?
- unconsciously blocking out traumatic external events from conscious awareness
- if a situation is too much to handle the person cannot accept it
- e.g. a drug addict denying they have an addiction
127
what is regression?
- where an individual mentally goes back to a time where they had no issues
- when situations are stressful a person may behave how they did earlier in life when that problem did not exist
128
what is an example of regression?
-eve black/white
- multiple personalities
- regressed to her 20s
129
what are the 5 psychosexual stages?
- oral
- anal
- phallic
- latency
- genital
130
what psychosexual stage happens from ages 0-1?
oral
131
what psychosexual stage happens from 1-3?
anal
132
what psychosexual stage happens age 3-6?
phallic
133
what psychosexual stage happens from 6-puberty?
latency
134
what psychosexual stage happens from puberty onwards?
genital
135
what is the order of the psychosexual stages?
1. oral
2. anal
3. phallic
4. latency
5. genital
136
what is the pleasure source in the oral stage of psychosexual development?
- focus of pleasure is mouth
- mothers breast may be object of desire
137
what is the pleasure source in the the anal stage of psychosexual development?
- focus of pleasure is anus
- child may gain pleasure from expelling/withholding faeces
138
what is the pleasure source in the phallic stage of psychosexual development?
- pleasure source is genital area
139
what happens in the latency stage of psychosexual development?
- all earlier stages are repressed
- children focus more on hobbies and friendships
- boys begin to leave oedipus complex and identify with their father
140
what is the pleasure source in the genital stage of psychosexual development?
- the genitals
141
what part of the personality develops in the oral stage of psychosexual development?
the id
142
what part of the personality develops in the anal stage of psychosexual development?
ego
143
what part of the personality develops in the phallic stage of psychosexual development?
superego
144
what happens in the genital stage of psychosexual development?
sexual desires become conscious
145
what conflicts must be overcome in the oral stage of psychosexual development?
weaning
146
what conflicts must be overcome in the anal stage of psychosexual development?
toilet training
147
what conflicts must be overcome in the phallic stage of psychosexual development?
- oedipus complex for boys
- electra complex for girls
- development of gender identity
148
what behaviours can be caused in adulthood if “energy” is left in the oral stage of psychosexual development?
- oral fixations
- smoking, eating, biting nails
149
what behaviours can be caused in adulthood if “energy” is left in the anal stage of psychosexual development?
- anally retentive; perfectionist, obsessive, neat,
tidy
- anally expulsive; thoughtless, messy
150
what behaviours can be caused in adulthood if “energy” is left in the phallic stage of psychosexual development?
- phallic personality; narcissistic, reckless
151
what behaviours can be caused in adulthood if there is unresolved conflicts in the genital stage of psychosexual development?
- difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
152
what is the oedipus complex?
- in the phallic stage of psychosexual development for boys
- boy had intense, unconscious love for his mother
- sees father as his rival
- realises father is psychically stronger
- afraid father might castrate him
- castration anxiety resolved by identifying with the father and trying to become like him
153
what is the electra complex?
- girl has strong affections for her father
- sees mother as a rival
- hates mother and experiences penis envy
- worry about losing mothers love
- resolves it by identifying with her mother
154
summarise the case study of little hans
- little hans was a 5 year old who had a phobia of horses
- he was in the phallic stage of psychosexual development
- freud suggested that his phobia was actually of his father because he was in the oedipus complex and had a fear of castration
155
what were little hans’s four dreams/fantasys?
1. plumber dream #1
2. giraffe dream
3. plumber dream #2
4. grandfather fantasy
156
what are the evaluation points for the psychodynamic approach?
(-) socially sensitive
(-) only uses case studies
(-) subjective
(+) practical applications
157
what are the main assumptions of the humanistic approach?
- people are born with free will and a wish to fulfil their potential
- humans are basically good and have an innate need to make the world and themselves better
158
is the humanistic approach scientific?
it is less scientific than other approaches as it mostly relies on subjective judgements
159
what is the order of maslows hierarchy of needs?
1. physiological
2. safety
3. love/belonging
4. esteem
5. self actualisation
160
what is self actualisation?
a persons motivation to reach their full potential
161
what is the humanistic approach often called?
the 3rd force of psychology
162
what needs are in the physiological stage of Maslows hierarchy?
- breathing
- food
- water
- excretion
- sex
- homeostasis
163
what needs are in the safety stage of Maslows hierarchy of needs?
- security of body
- security of employment
- security of employment
- security of morality
- security of the family
- security of health
- security of property
164
what needs are in the love/belonging stage of Maslows hierarchy of needs?
- friendship
- family
- sexual intimacy
165
what needs are in the esteem stage of Maslows hierarchy of needs?
- self esteem
- confidence
- achievement
- respect of others
- respect by others
166
what needs are in the self-actualisation stage of Maslows hierarchy of needs?
- morality
- creativity
- spontaneity
- problem solving
- lack of prejudice
- acceptance of facts
167
what is free will?
- the idea that we have choices in our behaviour
- separates our own intentions to what others have created
168
what are some evaluation points for Maslows hierarchy of needs?
(-) methodological issues
(+) practical applications
(-) cultural bias
169
who came up with the concepts of “the self” and “congruence” in the humanistic approach?
Carl Rogers
170
what did Rogers suggest the three sections of the self are?
- ideal self
- actual self
- perceived self
171
what is the ideal self?
who you wish to be or want to be
172
what is the actual self?
who we really are
173
what is the perceived self?
- how we see ourselves
- similar to self esteem, can be distorted
174
what is congruence?
- the degree of similarity between ideal self and actual self
- the closer the gap between the 2, the greater the congruence
175
describe conditions of worth
- humans have a basic need to feel loved or nurtured by people who are important to them
- people who are freely given this will have a healthy sense of self worth
- this is called a positive regard
- children who receive negative regard will have low self esteem
176
describe conditions of worth
- humans have a basic need to feel loved or nurtured by people who are important to them
- people who are freely given this will have a healthy sense of self worth
- this is called a positive regard
- children who receive negative regard will have low self esteem
177
what is the purpose of client centred therapy?
- to help the individual understand themselves and enable their potential for self actualisation
- facilitates personal growth by using the persons strengths
- the therapist must be genuine, empathetic and strive to understand the client
178
what are some evaluation points of the humanistic approach?
(+) practical applications
(-) hard to support and prove
(+) holistic
(-) culturally bias
