Approaches

Question 1

What is introspection?

Answer 1

The examination/observation of conscious thoughts and feelings

Question 2

Who founded introspection?

Answer 2

Wilhem Wundt

Question 3

In what year was introspection founded?

Answer 3

1879

Question 4

Which two approaches branched together and what did they form?

Answer 4

Biological + cognitive = cognitive neuroscience

Question 5

What is empiricism?

Answer 5

The belief that all knowledge is gained from sensory experience using the scientific method

Question 6

What is nativism?

Answer 6

The belief that specific cognitive capacities are innate rather than learned

Question 7

What 3 things must research be for psychology to be classed as scientific?

Answer 7

• objective (preconceptions or biases do not influence data collection)
• systematic (measurement of data is carried out with precision and control)
• replicable (repeated to determine whether the same results are obtained)

Question 8

Give two strengths of introspection and Wundt

Answer 8

• advances of technology allowed for expansion of research
• experimental evidence of mental processes (Simon and Chabris gorilla selective attention)

Question 9

Give two weaknesses of introspection and Wundt

Answer 9

• subjective meaning open to error and misinterpretation
• early theories are outdated and have been contradicted by development of other theories

Question 10

When was the behavioural approach devised?

Answer 10

1913

Question 11

The behavioural approach focuses on behaviour that can be _____________ and _______________

Answer 11

Observed, measured

Question 12

What is a tabula rasa?

Answer 12

The idea that individuals are born a blank slate meaning we acquire our knowledge from upbringing and experience

Question 13

What are the two forms that the behavioural approach states learning takes?

Answer 13

• classical conditioning
• operant conditioning

Question 14

What is the process of learning via association?

Answer 14

Classical conditioning

Question 15

What is the stimulus that produces a response before conditioning?

Answer 15

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 16

What is paired with the unconditioned stimulus that produces a response during conditioning?

Answer 16

Neutral stimulus

Question 17

What is the response that occurs once conditioning has been successful?

Answer 17

Conditioned response

Question 18

What is the name of the researcher who tested classical conditioning?

Answer 18

Pavlov

Question 19

What type of animal did Pavlov use in his studies?

Answer 19

Dog

Question 20

What is the UCS in the research with dogs that resulted in salivation?

Answer 20

Food

Question 21

What is the process of learning via reinforcement and consequence?

Answer 21

Operant conditioning

Question 22

What is the type of reinforcement that is used to increase the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again?

Answer 22

Positive

Question 23

What is the problem-solving method in which multiple attempts are made to reach a solution used when learning?

Answer 23

Trial and error

Question 24

What is the type of reinforcement where the aim is to reduce the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again?

Answer 24

Negative

Question 25

What is the final consequence when behaviour has not been moderated or changed?

Answer 25

Punishment

Question 26

Who was the psychologist who conducted research on operant conditioning?

Answer 26

Skinner

Question 27

What type of animal did Skinner use in his research?

Answer 27

Rats

Question 28

Give 2 strengths of the behavioural approach

Answer 28

- research evidence for both OC and CC - RLA as CC seen in treatment of phobias and OC seen in schools to moderate behaviour

Question 29

Give 2 weaknesses of the behavioural approach

Answer 29

- cannot apply results from animal research to the human population - reductionist as behaviour cannot only be explained because of learning

Question 30

Who proposed SLT?

Answer 30

Bandura

Question 31

When was the SLT devised?

Answer 31

1960s

Question 32

What is observational learning?

Answer 32

When an individual watches others

Question 33

What is imitation?

Answer 33

Copying the actions of others

Question 34

What is modelling?

Answer 34

When an individual bases their behaviour on what they have witnessed from someone else

Question 35

What is a role model?

Answer 35

When an individual is admired because of skills and qualities they possess

Question 36

What is identification?

Answer 36

When an individual wants to be associated with the person who they like and admire because they see themselves as like them

Question 37

What is attention?

Answer 37

When focus or acknowledgement is paid to what an individual has seen

Question 38

What is retention?

Answer 38

When an individual is able to remember what they have seen

Question 39

What is motor reproduction?

Answer 39

When an individual is able to repeat what they have seen

Question 40

What is motivation?

Answer 40

The reason behind the copied actions

Question 41

Watching others receive praise or punishment is known as what type of reinforcement?

Answer 41

Vicarious

Question 42

What type of research method was used by Bandura?

Answer 42

Lab experiment

Question 43

What type of participants were used in the key research by Bandura?

Answer 43

Children aged 3-6

Question 44

How many conditions were used in Bandura’s research?

Answer 44

3

Question 45

What was the name of Bandura’s study?

Answer 45

Bobo doll experiment

Question 46

What is another psychological approach that compliments SLT?

Answer 46

Behavioural

Question 47

What is a real life case where SLT was seen?

Answer 47

Jamie Bulger