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approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the evaluation ideas for all approaches in psychology?

A

Determinism
Reductionism
Applications
Idiographic
Nature vs nurture
Scientific
Free will
Holism

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2
Q

what is determinism as an evaluation point for approaches?

A

Determinism proposes that all behaviour is caused by previous factors and are therefore predictable

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3
Q

what is the opposite of determinism?

A

Free will

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4
Q

what is free will as an evaluation point for approaches?

A

Free will proposes that we have choice and we are free to choose our behvaiour.
A person is responsible for their own actions

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5
Q

what is reductionism as an evaluation point for approaches?

A

It means explaining a behaviour by reducing it dow to its consituent parts

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6
Q

what is the opposite of reductionism?

A

Holism

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7
Q

what is holism as an evaluation point for approaches?

A

Holism looks at higher level explanations.
The whole picture is greater than the sum of its parts

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8
Q

what is applications as an evaluation point for approaches?

A

Applications are where psychological knowledge has been used for some purpose.
e.g. research or education

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9
Q

what is Idiographic as an evaluation point for approaches?

A

Psychologists want to discover what makes us unique

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10
Q

what is nomothetic as an evaluation point for approaches?

A

Psychologists are concerned with what similarities we share with others. They like to establish ‘laws’ or generalisations

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11
Q

what is nature as an evaluation point for approaches?

A

Psychologists emphasise the importance of innate factors over social factors

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12
Q

what is nurture as an evaluation point for approaches?

A

Psychologists emphasise the importance of social or learning factors over innate factors

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13
Q

what is interactionist as an evaluation point for approaches?

A

Psychologists acknowledge that biological, social and learning might ALL play a role

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14
Q

what is scientific as an evaluation point for approaches?

A

Where research has been carries out in a controlled, objective, replicable way.
Hypothesis is made and tested

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15
Q

what is unscientific as an evaluation point for approaches?

A

where the concepts investigated by the approach are unfalsifiable, or the methods used are subjective

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16
Q

what did Wundt do?

A
  • founded institute of experimental psychology.
  • published one of the first books on psychology, helping it to become an independent branch of science
    -used scientific methods to study the structure of sensation and perception (introspection)
  • HE HELPED PSYCHOLOGY TO BE KNOWN AS A SCIENCE
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17
Q

what did Wundt do?

A

He trained his students to use scientific methods which increases control and objectivity of psychological research.

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18
Q

what is Wundt’s introspection?

A
  • Wundt believed the mind was made up of internal elements of sensation and perception.
  • can be studied through reflecting on own thought and actions
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19
Q

what is empiricism?

A
  • relying on sensory experience and empirical evidence
  • argued that this is more reliable than logical reasoning as humans have cognitive biases
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20
Q

what were the rules for Wundt’s introspection?

A

1 - Observers must know when it will begin
2 - must be in a mental state of readiness
3- must be repeatable
4 - stimulus must be varied

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21
Q

what are critisims of Wundt’s introspection?

A
  • not very reliable as data collected was subjective as limited knowledge of brain
  • can lead to insanity
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22
Q

what did Wundt’s introspection lead to?

A
  • BEHAVIOURISM
  • Skinner and watson created behaviourism based on conditioning
  • focused on observable behaviours, making it more scientific and more objective
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23
Q

what is the cognitive approach to psychology?

A

Your thoughts and internal mental processes.
Based on someone’s observable behaviour

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24
Q

what does the cognitive approach focus on?

A
  • attention
  • perception
  • memory
  • thinking
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25
what are the ways to explain cognition in cognitive approach?
- schema - models based on computers - theoretical models - inferences
26
what are inferences?
Conclusions drawn about mental processes or behaviour that suggest it is likely, not that its 100% true
27
what is the role of the schema in cognitive approach?
- schemas are representative of what we expect to happen - cognitive processes can be affected by schemas - schemas will develop with age
28
what are the computer models in the cognitive approach?
- e.g. information and processing approaches - theoretical models - computer models - assist with research and testing hypothesis
29
what are theoretical models?
Part of the cognitive approach. Diagrams representing the steps in mental processes
30
what are computer models?
Part of the cognitive approach. Computer simulations of mental processes
31
what was Bartlett's war of the ghost study?
- He gave ppts the same story - He made them read it, and then rewrite it out again in as much detail as possilbe. - He found that ppts changed parts of the stories to relate to their schemas and experiences e.g. canoes to boats
32
what was Bartlett's distortion?
- assimilation (culture) - levelling (shorter) - sharpening (details)
33
what is assimilation distortion?
Bartlett's story became consistent with ppts own cultural experiences
34
what is levelling distortion?
Ppts omitted information, making Bartlett's story shorter
35
what is sharpening distortion?
Ppts changed the order, or added details/emotions to Bartlett's story
36
what was Bulgeski and Alampy's study for cognitive approach?
The rat man
37
what was the study for cognitive approach?
Bulgeski and Alampy's rat man study
38
what did Bulgeski and Alampy do for their cognitive approach study?
- 2 groups of ppts were shown sequence of pictures. - either faces or animals - they were then shown images of ambiguous rat man - ppts who were shown faces perceived the figure as a man, but those who were shown animals saw the figure as a rat
39
what are the strengths of the cognitive approach?
- it uses scientific methods to increase validity of observation - accuracy has led to effective treatment like cognitive behavior therapy
40
what are the weaknesses of the cognitive approach?
- research is in labs which lacks ecological validity and might not be true in the real world - computer models are very rigid and might not be the best way of understanding the human brain
41
what are the drains of the cognitive neuroscience?
- it is scientific (lots of lab studies) - it is Reductionist (reduces it down to level of brain areas and networks) - less than biological, more than cognitive approach - Deterministic (suggest free will doesnt exist - decisions are unconscious) - It is nature and nurture
42
who created cognitive neuroscience?
Miller and Gazzaniga in 1970s
43
what is cognitive neuroscience?
The scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes
44
what are researchers looking for in cognitive neuroscience?
- Researchers are looking for neural correlates of thought and behaviour e.g. what part of the brain a thought/idea comes from. - uses fMRI, EEG, PET, CAT scans
45
what supports the cognitive neuroscience?
Case of HM gave researchers valuable insight into how memory functions and how its organised in the brain
46
what is antegrade amnesia?
Cant make new memories
47
what is retrograde amnesia?
Cant recall old memories
48
what are the studies for cognitive neuroscience?
- Boykes 2008 (taught 60 year olds how to juggle) - Kapur et al (PET scans show correlations)
49
what was Boykes 2008 study for cognitive neuroscience?
- taught 60 year olds how to juggle - used MRI scans to examine how the brain changed - found changes in hippocampus (memory), cingulate cortex (attention), and nucleus accumbens (motivation)
50
what was Kapur et al study for cognitive neuroscience?
- found PET scans could show neural correlations of episodic memory - show left inferior prefrontal cortex was most activated during episodic memory
51
what are the strengths of cognitive neuroscience?
- it highlights parts of the brain which underlie thoughts and processes - very scientific approach and has benefits of cognitive and biological approach - identify issues before it shows - allow early intervention
52
what are the weaknesses of cognitive neuroscience?
- use of complicated technology means it has to be lab studies which lacks ecological validity - fMRI and EEG/ERP only work in artificial environments - it lacks ecological validity
53
what is the biological approach to psychology?
explains behavior by focusing on biological factors like genes, brain structure, and neurotransmitters.
54
what are genes?
The genetic code that carries instructions for you characteristics. 1/2 from mum 1/2 from dad Might be random mutations
55
what are the types of genes?
Physical (eyes) Psychological (intelligence)
56
what is the definition of hereditary?
The process of genes being passed on from parents to children, and their characteristics. Children look and behave like their parets
57
what are the examples of genes?
COMPT gene - OCD SERT gene - OCD MAOA gene - Aggression
58
what is a genotype?
Your genetic code. 24,000 protein coding genes.
59
what is a phenotype?
The interaction between genes and your environment
60
what is the evaluation of phenotype?
You need to have a gene and the correct environment to show the charactersitics. e.g. diathesis stress hypothesis
61
how does evolution work?
- natural selection (who is best suited to environment are most likely to survive and mate) - sexual selection (most attractive mate more)
62
how much of the brain is the cerebral cortex?
Cerebral cortex is 85% of the brain
63
what are the neurotransmitters in the biological approach?
- Dopamine (increase activity) - Seratonin (decrease)
64
what is dopamine?
Excitatory neurotransmitter that increases activity
65
what is seratonin?
Inhibatory neurotransmitter that reduces activity
66
what are the evaluation studies for the biological approach?
Broca and Wernicke's area. Gazzaniga's studies
67
what are teh strengths of the biological approach?
- scientific approach (objective data) - lab studies are replicable - lab studies offer cause and effect - data is objective and reliable - led to effective treatments
68
what are the weaknesses of the biological approach?
- oversimplified as its reductionist approach to human behaviour - lacks ecological validity due to lab studies
69
what is the comparison of biological approach to other approaches?
- very scientific (lab studies) - fully reductionist as it uses biological reductionism - deterministic (hard determinism) - no free will - 100% nature not nurture
70

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