Approaches

Question 1

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 1

Learning through association.

Question 2

What is structuralism?

Answer 2

Breaking down mental processes into basic components.

Question 3

Who founded the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 3

Sigmund Freud.

Question 4

What is cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 4

The study of brain structures involved in mental processes.

Question 5

What is repression?

Answer 5

Keeping distressing thoughts in the unconscious.

Question 6

What is a schema?

Answer 6

A mental framework based on past experience.

Question 7

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 7

Reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction.

Question 8

Who established the first psychology lab and is considered the father of modern psychology?

Answer 8

Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 9

Who developed operant conditioning?

Answer 9

B.F. Skinner.

Question 10

What is fixation in Freud’s theory?

Answer 10

Getting stuck in a stage due to unresolved conflict.

Question 11

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

Answer 11

The disappearance of a conditioned response.

Question 12

What principle does the ego operate on?

Answer 12

The reality principle.

Question 13

What is inference in cognitive psychology?

Answer 13

Drawing conclusions about mental processes from observable behavior.

Question 14

Who developed Social Learning Theory?

Answer 14

Albert Bandura.

Question 15

What is vicarious reinforcement?

Answer 15

Learning through observing someone else being rewarded.

Question 16

What does dualism suggest?

Answer 16

That the mind and body are separate entities that interact.

Question 17

What is punishment in operant conditioning?

Answer 17

Decreasing behavior through unpleasant consequences.

Question 18

Who proposed the concept of dualism in psychology?

Answer 18

René Descartes.

Question 19

What is introspection?

Answer 19

A method of examining one’s own conscious thoughts and feelings.

Question 20

What is the computer analogy in cognitive psychology?

Answer 20

The brain processes information like a computer: input, process, output.

Question 21

What is modeling in SLT?

Answer 21

Imitating the behavior of a role model.

Question 22

What are conditions of worth?

Answer 22

Conditions under which a person feels valued by others.

Question 23

What is natural selection?

Answer 23

The process where traits that enhance survival are passed on.

Question 24

Which brain scan techniques are used in cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 24

fMRI, PET scans.

Question 25

What are the key features of science in psychology?

Answer 25

Objectivity, replicability, theory construction, hypothesis testing, and empirical methods.

Question 26

What is a theoretical model?

Answer 26

A representation of how mental processes work, e.g., the working memory model.

Question 27

What is the role of neurotransmitters?

Answer 27

They influence behavior by transmitting signals in the brain.

Question 28

What is the Oedipus complex?

Answer 28

A boy’s unconscious desire for his mother and rivalry with his father.

Question 29

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 29

Increasing behavior by presenting a pleasant stimulus.

Question 30

What is a genotype?

Answer 30

An individual’s genetic makeup.

Question 31

What is generalization in classical conditioning?

Answer 31

The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Question 32

What is identification in SLT?

Answer 32

When an observer relates to a role model and wants to be like them.

Question 33

Who developed client-centered therapy?

Answer 33

Carl Rogers.

Question 34

What does the biological approach emphasize?

Answer 34

Genetic and physiological processes affecting behavior.

Question 35

What is self-actualization?

Answer 35

Reaching one's full potential.

Question 36

What are Freud’s psychosexual stages?

Answer 36

Oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital.

Question 37

What is a phenotype?

Answer 37

The observable characteristics resulting from the genotype.

Question 38

What are the three parts of Freud’s tripartite personality?

Answer 38

Id, Ego, Superego.

Question 39

What is reciprocal determinism?

Answer 39

The idea that we influence and are influenced by our environment.

Question 40

What is evolution in psychology?

Answer 40

Behaviors and traits that evolve to solve adaptive problems.

Question 41

Who is associated with classical conditioning?

Answer 41

Ivan Pavlov.

Question 42

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 42

Learning through consequences such as rewards and punishments.

Question 43

What does the cognitive approach study?

Answer 43

Internal mental processes like perception and memory.

Question 44

What principle does the id operate on?

Answer 44

The pleasure principle.

Question 45

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 45

Increasing behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus.

Question 46

What are the four mediational processes in SLT?

Answer 46

Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation.

Question 47

What does the humanistic approach emphasize?

Answer 47

Free will, self-actualization, and personal growth.

Question 48

What principle does the superego operate on?

Answer 48

The morality principle.

Question 49

What did Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment demonstrate?

Answer 49

Children imitate aggressive behavior they observe.

Question 50

What causes incongruence?

Answer 50

A large gap between the self and the ideal self.

Question 51

What is heritability?

Answer 51

The proportion of variation in traits attributed to genetics.

Question 52

What is unconditional positive regard?

Answer 52

Accepting and valuing a person without conditions.

Question 53

What does the behaviorist approach emphasize?

Answer 53

Observable behavior learned through conditioning.

Question 54

What is congruence?

Answer 54

When the self and ideal self are aligned.

Question 55

What was Skinner’s Box used to demonstrate?

Answer 55

Mechanisms of positive and negative reinforcement.

Question 56

What method did Wundt use to study the mind?

Answer 56

Introspection.