Approaches Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
what are the comparison points of approaches?
A
- Determinsm vs free will
- reductionist vs holistic
- applications
- idiographic vs nomothetic
- nature vs nurture
- scientific vs unscientific
2
Q
what is determinism?
A
Proposes that all bhevaiour is caused by factors and is therefore predictable.
3
Q
what is free will?
A
It proposes that we have choice and can choose our own behaviour
4
Q
what is reductionism?
A
Explaining a behaviour by reducing it down to its constituent parts
5
Q
what is holism?
A
Looking at higher level explanations and studying individuals as a whole
6
Q
what is applications?
A
Where psychological knowledge has been used for some purpose e.g. therapies
7
Q
what is idiographic?
A
Psychologists want to discover what makes each of us unique
8
Q
what is nomothetic?
A
Psychologists are concerned with what similarities we share with others, liking to establish generalisations
9
Q
what is nature?
A
Psychologists emphasise the importance of innate, biological factors
10
Q
what is nurture?
A
Psychologists emphasise the importance of social or learning factors
11
Q
what is scientific?
A
Where research has been carried out in a controlled, objective and replicable way
12
Q
what is unscientific?
A
Where the concepts are unfalsiable, or the methods used are subjective
13
Q
what approaches are deterministic?
A
- Biological approach
- Behavioural
- Psychodynamic
14
Q
what approaches are free will?
A
Humanistic approach
Cognitive approach
15
Q
what approaches are reductionist?
A
Biological approach
Cognitive approach
Behavioural approach
Psychodynamic approach
16
Q
what approaches are holistic?
A
Humanistic approach
17
Q
what approaches are nature?
A
Biological
18
Q
what approaches are nurture?
A
Behavioural
19
Q
what approaches are nature and nurture?
A
Humanistic
Psychodynamic
Cognitive
20
Q
what approaches are scientific?
A
Biological
Cognitive
Behavioural
21
Q
what approaches are not scientific?
A
Humanistic
Psychodynamic
22
Q
what approaches have applications?
A
Humanistic
Psychodynamic
Behavioural
Cognitive
Biological
23
Q
what approaches are idiographic?
A
Biological
Behavioural
Humanistic
Psychodynamic (both)
24
Q
what approaches are nomothetic?
A
Psychodynamic (both)
Cognitive
25
what did Wundt do?
- founded the institute of experimental psychology
- published one of the first books on psychology, helping it to become an independant bracnh of science
- used scientific methods to study introspection, sensation and perception
- he helped psychology to be known as a science
26
what did wundt do with his students?
He trained his students to use scientific methods which increases the control and objectivity of psychological research
27
what is introspection?
- Wundt believed the mind was made up of internal elements of sensation and perception
- it can be studied through reflecting on your own thoughts and actions (introspection)
28
what is empiricism?
- relying on sensory experiences and empirical evidence
- it argues that this is more reliable than logical reasoning as humans have cognitive biases
29
what are the rules for introspection?
1-observers must know when the experiment will begin
2-they must be in a state of readiness
3-the study must be repeatable
4-the stimulus must be varied
30
what is a critisism of Wundt's introspection?
- it isnt very reliable as the data collected was subjective due to limited knowledge of the brain
- can lead to insanity
31
what did wundt's introspection lead to?
- BEHAVIOURISM
- Skinner and Watson created behaviourism based on conditioning
- it focuses on observed behaviours, making it more scientific and more objective
32
what is the cognitive approach?
sing thoughts and internal mental processes to study someone's obseravable behaviour
33
what does cognitive approach focus on?
- attention
- perception
- memory
- thinking
34
what are the ways to explain cognition?
- schemas
- models based on computers
- theoretical models
- inferences
35
what is the role of a schema in the cognitive approach?
- representative of what we expect to happen
- cognitive process can be affected by a schema
- schemas develop with age
36
what are the computer models of the cognitive approach?
- theoretical models
- computer models
- help to assist with research and test hypothesis
37
what are theoretical models in cogntive approach?
Diagrams representing the steps in mental processes
38
what is definition of computer models in cognitive approach
Computer simulation of mental processes
39
what is the study for cognitive approach?
Bartlett's war of the ghost study
Bulgeski and Alampy
40
what was Bartlett's war of the ghost stuyd?
- he gave ppts a story that they had to read and then recall as much as possible
- he found ppts changed words in the story to relate to their experiences and schemas
41
what were the examples of distortion according to Bartlett?
- assimilation
- levelling
- sharpening
42
what is assimilation?
when the information becomes consistent with ppts own cultural experiences
43
what is levelling?
ppts removed information making it shorter
44
what is sharpening?
Ppts added details/emotions, and changed the order
45
what was Bulgeski and Alampy's study?
- THE RAT MAN
- 2 groups of ppts were shown a sequence of pictures, either faces or animals
- they were then shown an image of an ambiguous rat man
- ppts who were shown faces saw the figure as a man and those who were shown animals saw the figure as a rat
46
what are inferences?
Conclusions based on available evidence which states something is likely not 100%.
This is essential in cognitive approach
47
what are the strengths of cognitive approach?
- it uses scientific methods to increase validity of observations
- accuracy has led to effective treatments like cognitive behaviour therapy
48
what are the weakneses of cognitive approach?
- research is in labs which lacks ecological validity and may not be true in real world
- computer models are very rigid and might not be best ways of understanding the brain
49
DRAINS evaluation of cognitive approach
- Free will as we are responsible for our own thoughts
- reductionist as it reduces behaviour to influence of thoughts
- applications such as cognitive behaviour therapy
- nomothetic as all human behaviour results from the same processes
- nature (mind) and nurture (schemas)
- scientific
50
who created cognitive neuroscience?
Miller and Gazzaniga in 1970s
51
what is cognitive neuroscience?
the scientific study of the brain, suing fMRI, PET and CAT scans to find what parts of the brain certain functions come from
52
what are researchers looking for in cognitive neuroscience?
neural correlates of thought and behaviour e.g. what part of the brain a thought comes from
53
what is antegrade amnesia?
Unable to make new memories
54
what is retrograde amnesia?
cant recall old memories
55
what are the studies supporting cognitive neuroscience
Boykes 2008 (60 yr olds juggle)
Kapur et al (PET scans)
56
what was Boykes 2008 study for cognitive neuroscience?
- taught 60 yr olds how to juggle
- used MRI scans to examine how the brain changed
- changes in the hippocampus (memory) and cingulate cortex (attention) and nucleus accumbens (motivation)
57
what was Kapur et al's study for cognitive neuroscience?
- found PET scans could show neural correlations of episodic memory
- show left inferior prefrontal cortex was most active during episodic memory
58
what are the strengths of cognitive neuroscience?
- highlights the parts of the brain which underlie thought and processes
- very scientific approach and has benefits of cognitive and biological approach
- can identify issues before it shows - allows early intervention
59
what are the weaknesses of cognitive neuroscience?
- complicated tech means it has to be a lab study, lacking ecological validity
- fMRI and EEG/ERP only work in artificial environments
- LACK ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY
60
who proposed the psychodynamic approach?
Freud
61
what was the aim of the psychodynamic approach?
To explain the behaviour in terms of its dynamics and the forces that drive someone to act the way they do
62
what did Freud believe in?
Psychic determinism, meaning our personality is determined by psychological factors not biology or life events
63
what was Freuds theory and therapy?
Psychoanalysis which explains behaviour through innate drives and early experiences
64
what are the assumptions of the psychodynamic approach?
1 - tripartite personality
2 - the unconscious mind
3 - influence of childhood experiences
65
what is tripartite personality according to the psychodynamic approach?
There are three parts of personality:
- ID (impulsive, present at birth, pleasure principle)
- Ego (rational, develops age 2, reality principle)
- Superego (form age 4, sense of right or wrong, morality principle)
66
what is the role of the unconscious mind according to psychodynamic approach?
Freud believed the unconscious mind was the main driver of our behaviour.
The unconscious contains unresolved conflicts which can show up in dreams. If our conflicts aren't resolved it results in defense mechanisms
67
what are the defense mechanisms in psychodynamic approach?
- displacement (transfer of impulses)
- projection (undesireable thoughts)
- repression (painful memories)
- regression (childlike)
68
what is displacement?
The transfer of impulses from one person/object to another
69
what is projection?
Undesireable thoughts are attributed to someone else
70
what is repression?
Pushing painful memories into the unconscious so they can be forgotten
71
what is regression?
Acting in a childlike manner
72
what is the influence of childhood experiences in psychodynamic approach?
- traumatic events and relationships with parents set the template for adult behaviour and relationships
- children have 5 stages of development according to Freud
- they might experience fixation if there is an issue in one of these stages
- boys will go through the Oedipus complex (Freud) and girls the Electra
73
what is the first psychosexual stage of development?
- Oral
- explore through putting things in their mouths
- if problem there will be oral fixation (smoking, nail biting, dependency)
74
what are the types of fixation in psychodynamic approach?
- frustration - stage hasnt been resolved as the needs arent met
- overindulgence - needs have been more than met and the child feels comfortable so they are reluctant to move on
75
what is the second stage of psychosexual development?
- Anal
- 2-3 years old
- children love going to the toilet
- if problem, fixation occurs through messiness, generosity, obsessive
76
what is the third stage of psychosexual development?
- Phallic
- 3-6 years old
- pleasure is found in the genital area
- child will experience Oedipus and Electra complexes
- fixation occurs through vanity
77
what is the Oedipus complex?
- Boys fall in love with their mother and want to kill and replace their mothers
- realise they cant beat father as he has a bigger penis
- they start to identify with their dad and learn their morals from him
- Freud believed girls cant develop morals as they cant experience the Oedipus complex
78
what did Freud believe about girls?
They couldnt develop morals because they cant experience Oedipus complex due to not having a penis
79
what is teh Electra complex?
- later researchers made this for girls
- Girl desires her father but doesnt have a penis
- She gaines penis envy
- the girl blames her mother for castration
- the girl begins to want to have a baby, not her dad
- the girl represses her feelings to take on the mothers role
80
what was the main study for psychodynamic approach?
Little Hans
81
what was the Little Hans study?
Freud believed Han's fear of horses was a displaced fear of his father due to an unresolved Oedipus complex
82
what was the procedure of Little Hans study?
- little hans' father spoke with Freud about Hans' fear
- he recorded conversations from 3-5 years old
- he kept accounts of Hans' dreams
- From 3, Hans became interested in male genetalia and his mother threatened to cut it off
- Freud linked his phobia to a fear of the horses' large penis
- Hans began only fearing horses with black on thier nose which Freud believed was a displaced fear of his fathers moustache
- Hans also began fighting with his sister for his mothers full attention
83
what was the results of Little Hans study?
Freud argued that Hans' obsession with his penis and his mother show he was in the phallic stage, and had an unresolved Oedipus complex
84
what are the strengths of the psychodynamic approach?
- highlight there might be psychological and biological causes
- highlight importance of role of unconscious behaviour
- Freud highlights importance of childhood on adult behaviour
- influenced Bowlby to develop monotropic theory of attachment
- De Maat et al 2009 (effective treatments)
85
what did De Maat et al do to support psychodynamic approach?
Reviewed psychodynamic approach and found it helped make effective treatments for mental health disorders
86
what are the weaknesses of psychodynamic approach?
- biased and focuses on men, and ignores female development (antrocentric)
- Sue and Sue (Not good in china)
- Karl Popper (cant test many aspects)
87
what did Sue and Sue do as a weakness for psychodynamic approach?
stated that psychoanalysis isnt useful in china as it goes directly against their cultural views about anxiety and depression
88
what did Karl Popper do as a weakness for psychodynamic approach?
They said it was very hard to test many aspects scientifically and therefore it is pseudoscience (fake science)
89
DRAINS evaluation of psychodynamic approach?
- not scientific as it relied on Freuds opinions
- deterministic (behaviour relies on experiences and unconscious
- not reductionist or holistic as it doesnt look at the building blocks or the person as a whole
- nature and nurture (biology influence you and your experiences influence how you feel)
90
what is the biological approach?
The idea that genes control your behaviour.
Evolution, and hereditary genes hae a huge impact
91
what are teh exmples of genes?
COMPT - OCD
SERT - OCD
MAOA - aggression levels
92
what is a genotype?
Your genetic code
93
what is a phenotype?
The interactions between genes and your environment
i.e. what characteristic could be shown
94
what is the evaluation of a phenotype?
You need the gene and the evironment to show a characteristic
95
what are the two types of evolution?
- Natural selection (Who is best suited to environment are most likely to survive and mate)
- Sexual selection (individuals with specific traits are more likely to reproduce successfully due to competition for mates)
96
what are the types of neurotransmitters?
- Dopamine - excitatory neurotransmitter which increases the brain activity
- Seratonin - inhibatory neurotransmitter which decreases the brain activity
97
what are the evaluation studies of neurotransmitters and neuroanatomy?
- Broca and Wernicke
- Gazzaniga (artist using fruits and veg)
98
what are the strengths of the biological approach?
- scientific approach meaning objective data
- lab studies are replicable
- lab studies offer cause and effect
- data is objective and reliable
- led to effective treatments
99
what are the weaknesses of the biological approach?
- oversimplifies as its reductionist approach
- lacks ecological validity due to lab studies
100
what is the DRAINS evaluation of the biological approach?
- very scientific (lab studies)
- fully reductionist as it uses biological reductionism
- deterministic due to no free will as behaviour relies on genes
- 100% nature
101
who created the behavioural approach?
Watson
102
what is the behavioural appraoch?
The idea that all behaviour is learnt and genes arent important, through looking at obseravble behaviour
103
what is the key concept of behavioural approach?
Tabula rasa (we are all born as blank slates) and we learn through operant (Skinner) and classical (Pavlov) conditioning
104
what are the rules of behaviourist manifesto?
1. psychology must be purely objective
2. goals should be to predict and control bheaviour
3. no difference between non/human behaviour so animal studies can be used
105
what is the study for classical conditioning?
PAVLOV
Food (UCS) = saliva from dogs (UCR)
Bell (NS)
Food (UCS) + Bell (NS) = saliva (UCR)
Bell (CS) = saliva (CR)
106
what is the study for operant conditioning?
SKINNER
He controlled rats with boxes and buttons and when they pushed the button they were given food as a positive reinforcement
107
what are positive rewards?
Given something as a reward e.g. a treat
108
what are positive punishments?
Given something as a punishment e.g. dentention
109
what are negative rewards?
Something is taken away as a reward e.g. baby stops crying
110
what are negative punishments?
Something is taken away as a punishment e.g. your TV
111
what are the schedules of reinforcement according to Skinner?
- continuous reinforcement (Animal is rewarded every time they show a behaviour.)
- fixed intervals (the behaviour is rewarded after a specific amount of time)
- variable intervals (Animal was rewarded over a changing interval)
- fixed ratio (animal was rewarded after a set number of accurate behaviour)
- variable ratio (animal was rewarded at random so they cant predict the award
112
what are the strengths of the behaviourist approach?
- very good at explaining phobias e..g Mowrer two process model
- helped treatments like flooding and systematic desensitation
- provided a basis for token economy which has helped schizophrenics and prisoners to monitor and control behaviour
113
what are the weaknesess of the behaviourist approach?
- it completely ignored other factors in human behaviour such as biology and cognition
114
what is the DRAINS evaluation of the behaviourist approach?
- environmental reductionist (oversimplifies to stimulus-response and reward-punishment, which misses internal factors)
- determinist
- very scientific
- fully nurture as everything is learnt
- very different to humanistic
115
what is the humanistic approach?
The belief that humans are born with the desire to grow, learn and love and that we should be studied as a whole not data
116
what does the humanistic approach emphasise?
the importance of free will and that external factors such as biology can be overrules by free will
117
who is the main psychologist for humanistic approach?
Maslow and his pyramid of needs
118
what did Maslow do?
Conducted research on personal growth and fulfilment of needs in order to be happy.
He created a pyramid of heirarchy of our needs and you can only move up when the needs have been met
119
what was the order of Maslow's pyramid?
Self-actualisation
Esteem needs
Belonging needs
Safety needs
Psyiological needs
Deficit needs
120
what are physiological needs?
Food, water, shelter, warmth, clothes
Once these are met, we are motivated to fulfil the needs of the next level
121
what are safety needs?
Having a safe and secure environment at all times.
We are motivated to have a safe place to sleep, work etc
122
what are belonging needs?
Feeling wanted and needed helps a person grow and develop
123
what are esteem needs?
How much others value you.
Being good at things helps to build self-esteem.
When others value you, it is much easier for you to feel happy and content
124
what is self-actualisation?
- Maslow believed you have to fulfil all needs first.
- at this stage, you are happy, confident and secure in who you are.
- you are using all your talents and abilities
- he thought not many reach this stage
125
HOLDEN = DRAINS OF PSYCHODYNAMIC
SPARROW = SELF ACTUALISATION
