Approaches

Question 1

Science

Answer 1

A means of acquiring knowledge through systematic and objective investigation, aim to discover general laws

Question 2

Introspection

Answer 2

First systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations

Question 3

Behaviourist approach

Answer 3

A way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning

Question 4

Classical conditioning

Answer 4

Learning be association, occurs when 2 stimuli are repeatedly paired together, - unconditioned stimulus and a new neutral stimulus, eventually producing the same response

Question 5

Operant conditioning

Answer 5

A form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences (positive/negative reinforcement or punishment)

Question 6

Reinforcement

Answer 6

A consequence of behaviour that increases the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated. Can be positive or negative

Question 7

Mediational processes

Answer 7

Cognitive factors (thinking) that influence learning,
Attention 
Retention
Motor reproduction 
Motivation

Question 8

Social learning theory

Answer 8

A way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement, combining leading theory with the role of cognitive factors

Question 9

Imitation

Answer 9

Copying the behaviour of others

Question 10

Identification

Answer 10

When an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like them

Question 11

Modelling

Answer 11

Imitating the behaviour of a role model or precise demonstration of a specific behaviour

Question 12

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 12

Reinforcement that is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for behaviour

Question 13

Mediational process: attention

Answer 13

The extent to which we notice certain behaviours

Question 14

Mediational process: retention

Answer 14

How well the behaviour is remembered

Question 15

Mediational process: motor reproduction

Answer 15

The ability of the observer to be form the behaviour

Question 16

Mediational process: motivation

Answer 16

Will to perform, determined by reward or punishment

Question 17

Cognitive approach

Answer 17

Mental processes (thoughts, perception, attention) affecting behaviour

Question 18

Internal mental process

Answer 18

Private operations of the mind such as perception and attention that mediate between stimulus and response

Question 19

Scheme

Answer 19

Mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing, developed from experience

Question 20

Inference

Answer 20

Process where cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour

Question 21

Cognitive neuroscience

Answer 21

Scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes

Question 22

Biological approach

Answer 22

Perspective that emphasises the importance of physical processes in the body such as genetic inheritance and neural function

Question 23

Genes

Answer 23

Make up chromosomes and consist of DNA which codes the physical features of an organism (eye couloir or height) & psychological features (mental disorder or intelligence)

Question 24

Biological structure

Answer 24

An arrangement or organisation of parts to form an organ, system or living thing

Question 25

Neurochemistry

Answer 25

Relating to chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning

Question 26

Genotype

Answer 26

The particular set of genes that a perish possesses

Question 27

Phenotype

Answer 27

The characteristics me of an individual determined by both genes and the environment

Question 28

Evolution

Answer 28

The changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations

Question 29

Nervous system

Answer 29

Consists of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

Question 30

Central nervous system

Answer 30

Consists of the brain and the spinal cord and is the origin of all complex commands and decisions

Question 31

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 31

Send information to the CNS from the outside world, and transmits messages from CNS to muscles and glands

Question 32

Somatic nervous system

Answer 32

Transmits information from receptor cells in the sense organs to the CNS, also records information from CNS, directs muscles to act

Question 33

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 33

Transmits information to and from internal bodily organs, system predates automatically. Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 34

Neuton

Answer 34

Basic building blocks of the nervous system, neutrons are nerve cells that process and transmit messages through electrical and chemical signals

Question 35

Sensory neurons

Answer 35

Carry messages from PNS to the CNS, long dendrites and short axons

Question 36

Relay neurons

Answer 36

Connect the sensory neurons to the motor neurons, short dendrites and short axons

Question 37

Motor neuron

Answer 37

Connect CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands, short dendrites and long axons

Question 38

Psychology

Answer 38

Scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those functions affecting behaviour