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Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

What does behaviourism emphasise

A

The role of learning

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2
Q

What does tabula rasa mean

A

Blank slate

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3
Q

What is behaviour

A

A learnt response to stimuli in the environment

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4
Q

What are behaviourists only concerned with

A

Directly observable behaviours

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5
Q

Why is this

A

Because you cannot directly observe internal mental processes

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6
Q

What does behaviourists use to investigate behaviour

A

Highly controlled lab experiments to establish a cause and effect

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7
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

Learning through association

When an association is made between a neutral stimulus that wouldn’t normally provoke a response

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8
Q

Name a famous behaviourism experiment

A

Pavlovs Dogs where he conditioned dogs to drool over a bell

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9
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

Learning to repeat a behaviour depending on the consequence

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10
Q

What happens when there is a good consequence

A

The behaviour is reinforced/repeated

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11
Q

What happens when there is a bad consequence

A

The behaviour is less likely to be repeated

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12
Q

Name and explain the two types of reinforcement

A

Positive - gaining something positive as a reward
Negative - removal of something negative as a reward
Both mean behaviour is more likely to be repeated

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13
Q

Name an operant conditioning key study

A

Skinner (1932), with skinners box

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14
Q

Name a key psychologist within SLT

A

Albert Bandura

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15
Q

What did bandura do

A

Agreed with behaviourists that behaviour is learn through direct experience but proposed a further mechanism

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16
Q

What was Banduras further mechanism

A

That we also learn indirectly through observation and imitation of others

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17
Q

What did Bandura focus on

A

Mental processes involved in learning

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18
Q

When is imitation more likely to happen

A

If the model is positively reinforced

Or when we identify with or respect the model

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19
Q

What is this reinforcement called

A

Vicarious reinforcement

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20
Q

How is SLT and behaviourism linked

A

They both look at stimulus and response but SLT also believes that mental processes are involved

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21
Q

What do cognitive processes do

A

Mediate between the stimulus and response

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22
Q

Name the three different mediating processes

A

Motivation, attention and memory

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23
Q

Name the acronym for the stages of SLT

A

ARMM

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24
Q

What does ARMM stand for

A

Attention - the individual needs to pay attention to the behaviour and consequences
Retention - the individual stored the observed behaviour in long term memory as imitation is not always immediate
Motor Reproduction - the individual must be able to reproduce the observed behaviour
Motivation - the individual must expect to gain the same positive reinforcement they have seen

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25
Evaluate SLT
- Experiment support/lab experiments that are well controlled, however can be influenced by variables/demand characteristics - does not take into account bio factors, free will or moral views - explains cultural differences and influence of media
26
What are cognitions
Mental processes including memory, perception and language
27
How can we infer what a person is thinking? (Inference)
Based on how they act
28
What has cognitive psychology been influenced by
Developments in computer sciences and analogies are often made between a human brain and computers
29
What is cognitive psychology is interested in
How the brain inputs, stores and retrieves information
30
What is the man assumption about the cognitive approach
That information is received and processed by our brain
31
What is a schema
A mental structure or package containing our stored knowledge of a topic based on previous experience
32
What do schemas do
Help us organise and interpret information, and allow the brain to take shortcuts in processing
33
What happens to schemas when we gain experience
They develop and evolve
34
Name a downside of a schema
They cause us to exclude important information to focus only on our schema/past experience
35
Name a study that supports schemas
Bartletts “War of Ghosts”
36
What can schemas explain
Why two people, who witness the same event, can report it differently as they have different schema
37
How can schema influence how we see things
Information that doesn’t fit to schema is not processed/binned
38
What is the information processing model
Input with senses, processing using schema then output with observable behaviour
39
What does the cognitive approach use to explain things
Theoretical models
40
What does cognitive neuroscience use
Pet and fMRI scans
41
What do these scans allow us to do
Section the processing brain and help discover the basis of mental disorders
42
Name some negatives with the cognitive approach
Artificial behaviours, soft determinism, and computers do not forget things or have emotions
43
Name some positives with the cognitive approach
Used very scientific methods that are replicable and reliable It has real life applications Soft determinism
44
What parts of the body does the biological approach look at
Immune system, nervous system, genetics, brain and the endocrine system
45
Define the biological approach
The influence of genes, biological structures and neurochemistry on behaviour.
46
What do behaviour geneticists study
Whether behavioural characteristics such as intelligence are inherited in the same way physical characteristics are
47
What are the biological terms for twins
Monozygotic - identical | Dizygotic - non identical
48
Name the positives of the biological approach
Scientific methods, real life application such as development of medical drugs, evidence for nature vs nurture
49
Name some negatives for the biological approach
Has causal conclusions, and its deterministic
50
Where does SLT occur
In a social context
51
In behaviourism, what does punishment do
make the behaviour less likely to be repeated
52
Name some positives about the behaviourist approach
it has scientific creditability as objectivity and replicability are emphased in lab experiments it has real life applications such as token economy systems in prisons
53
Name some negatives about the behaviourist approach
ignores possibility of environmental determinism/free will in future behaviours ethical and practical issues with animal experiments
54
Who is the main figure in the psychodynamic approach
Sigmund Freud
55
What did Freud treat
'hysteria'
56
In what time period was the psychodynamic approach invented
late 1800's
57
What was the society like in the 1800's
conservative, male dominated, repressed
58
What is the key assumption in the psych approach
the importance of the unconscious mind
59
How do our unconscious thoughts affect us
our conscious mind is unaware of these feelings but they still have an affect on us
60
What is in our unconscious mind
repressed feelings such a unacceptable sexual urges and immoral desires
61
What model is used to describe the unconscious mind
an iceberg, with the conscious being visible above water (things we are aware of), the preconscious being just below (things we could be aware of if we wanted), and the unconscious deep below (things we can only be aware of through dream analysis, free association and parapraxes
62
What is a parapraxes
slip of the tong
63
What is free association
relaxing, hearing a word and saying first thing that comes into your head
64
What is dream analysis
repressed ideas are more likely to appear in dream than when we are awake
65
What does Freud refer to dream analysis as
'the royal road to the unconscious'
66
What is the tripartite personality
we have 3 personalities | - Id, ego and superego
67
What is id like
selfish, impatient, risk taker
68
What is ego like
rational, realistic
69
What is super ego like
uptight, worrier, rigid
70
When do we have id from
birth - very selfish
71
What is another name for id
pleasure principle
72
When do we get ego
3 years old - aware of other peoples needs and feelings
73
What is ego also known as
reality principle
74
When do we get superego
5 years old - wants to do right
75
What is superego also known as
morality principle
76
What does ego do to reduce conflict between id and superego
uses defense mechanisms
77
Where in our mind is id
in our unconscious mind, only present at birth
78
Where in our mind is ego
in our conscious mind
79
Where in our mind is superego
both conscious and unconscious
80
What is a defense mechanism
various methods the ego uses to reduce conflicts and anxiety between id and superego
81
What are the three defense mechanisms
denial, repression, displacement
82
What is denial
a defense mechanism where we completely reject the distressing thought
83
What is repression
forcing a depressing memory out of the conscious mind
84
What is displacement
you transfer feelings from true sources of distressing emotions onto a substitute target
85
When and where was the humanistic approach made
America in the 1950's
86
Why was it nicknames the third force
as it aimed to replace behaviourism and psychodynamic
87
Is humanistic intended to be more or less deterministic
less
88
What are the basic assumptions of the humanistic approach
every individual is unique and so we cannot generalise findings free will as we are active agents scientific methods are not appropriate people should be viewed holistically
89
What is the humanistic view of free will
we are active agents who have the ability to determine our own outcome and can reject external forces
90
Name a psychologist who believed in the humanistic approach
Abraham Maslow
91
What did Maslow have to say about the humanistic approach
that it is natural for us to want to grow and achieve our full potential
92
What is this called
self actualisation
93
What does Maslows heirarchy of needs focus on
human motivational factors
94
Name another humanistic psychologist
Carl Rogers
95
What does Carl Rogers believe
that individuals strive to be the best version of themselves as they want self improvement he believed that Freud looked at the 'sick half' and humanistic looks at healthy individuals
96
Explain how if needs are met we become better
humans have a basic want to be nurtured and valued | if this is given freely, people will develop a healthy sense of self worth
97
How can parents achieve this
by blaming behaviour and not the child
98
What is unconditional positive regard
giving praise and acceptance freely without conditions
99
What is negative or conditioned regard
parents who give this with conditions or dont give it at all
100
What does negative regard lead to
low self esteem
101
When is well being established
when there is consistency between the self concept and ideal self
102
What is this consistency known as
congruence
103
What can incongruence lead to
low self worth and maladjustment
104
What can lead to incongruence
defense mechanisms
105
What did Rogers develop to avoid inconguence
client centered therapy (CCT)
106
Define conditions of worth
a parent who puts conditions on their love set up psychological problems for their child in the future
107
What is the main way the humanistic approach has contributed to society
through therapy
108
What does CCT focus on
develop self regard and overcome incongruence
109
What is Gestalt therapy
therapy where the aim is to help the client become 'whole' by getting them to accept every aspect of themselves
110
Name 3 techniques in gestalt therapy
confrontation, dream analysis and role playing
111
What is the Q-sort assessment
made by Rogers for CCT measurement of congruence by a Q-SORT person sorts statements on cards to two piles 'ideal and 'real' self
112
Name a real life application of Maslow
in business, CCT
113
Why does the humanistic approach have limited application
as it is not scientific, lacks sound evidence and considers abstract and subjective concepts
114
Why is the humanistic approach a positive approach
as it focuses on the positive state of self actualisation rather than the dark side of the unconscious mind
115
Why are vague abstract concepts such as self actualisation bad
they are unfalsifiable as they are subjective and untestable
116
Why does the humanistic approach contain culture bias
made in america so includes western views | values dont apply to collectivist cultures

A Level Psychology (12 decks)

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