approaches Flashcards
(10 cards)
Behaviourist approach- who created classical conditioning?
Pavlov- between 1890-1930
Behaviourist approach- who created operant conditioning?
Skinner- 1937
What are the 5 basic assumptions?
(1) all behaviour is learned (2) only observable and measureable behaviour is studied (3) most research conducted in controlled scientific labs (4) research conducted on animals is valid as they share the same learning principles (5) we are born a blank slate. there is no genetic influence.
what is the theory of classical conditioning? (AO1)
learning by association occurs when- UCS+NS repeatedly paired together; NS becomes the CS.
Learning happens when an association is made between the NS & reflex response.
How did Pavlov conduct this experiment?
rang a bell (NS) and no response. Food after sound of bell (UCS). Dog salivated when hearing the bell (CR), bell had become CS.
What are the four other points of this process that Pavlov found?
(1) Stimulus generalisation= If stimulus shares similar characteristics to the OG stimulus, the association is made with the new stimulus. (2) Discrimination= the CR is produced only by the OG stimulus. (3) Spontaneous recovery= if a CR is not reinforced, it becomes extinguished. After period of rest, response may reappear. (4) If CR is continually presented without UCS, then the CR dies out/extinguished.
What was the conclusion of Watson and Rayner’s ‘Little Albert’ experiment?
They classically conditioned a child to associate white rats with a fear response. He was only conditioned to fear white rats, but generalised the association to other white objects.
What was Watson and Rayner’s method in the ‘Little Albert’ experiment? Name what each part is (NS, UCS, CS, CR)
Rat (NS)+ Banging a large, loud iron bar (UCS) Repeatedly paired together.
What is the theory of operant conditioning?
Learning occurs through reinforcements: positive, negative and punishments.They determine whether a behaviour is increased or decreased.
How did Skinner conduct his experiment?
Rat+electric shock= press lever. Rat+food= lever.
