Approaches- Case Studies Flashcards
(20 cards)
What did Wilhelm Wundt contribute to psychology?
He established the first psychology lab and used introspection, marking the beginning of psychology as a science.
What was Nisbett & Wilson’s (1977) criticism of introspection?
They argued that people often lack awareness of the causes of their behaviour, making introspection unreliable.
What did Pavlov’s classical conditioning study show?
That dogs can learn to associate a neutral stimulus (bell) with food and produce a conditioned response (salivation).
What was the significance of the Little Albert study?
It showed that fear can be conditioned in humans, supporting classical conditioning.
What did Skinner demonstrate with the Skinner box?
That behaviour can be shaped through reinforcement and punishment – operant conditioning.
What did Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment show?
That children imitate aggressive behaviour when they see role models rewarded for it (vicarious reinforcement).
What did Bandura & Walters (1963) find?
Children are more likely to imitate behaviour when they observe it being rewarded.
What did Fox et al. (2006) find in their virtual humans study?
People were more likely to imitate role models who looked like them, supporting identification.
What was Siegel & McCormick’s (2006) criticism of SLT?
They argued that deviant people seek deviant peers, rather than simply copying behaviour.
What is the significance of Beck’s Negative Triad?
It shows how negative thought patterns can lead to depression, supporting cognitive explanations.
How is CBT a practical application of the cognitive approach?
It helps treat depression and anxiety by challenging irrational thoughts, showing the approach’s usefulness.
What did Burnett et al. (2009) find in their brain study?
Feeling guilt activates specific areas like the medial prefrontal cortex, supporting cognitive neuroscience.
How do twin studies support the biological approach?
Higher concordance rates in MZ twins suggest a genetic basis for behaviour.
What did Crockett et al. (2008) discover about serotonin?
Low levels of serotonin are linked to increased aggression, supporting the role of neurochemicals.
What did Freud’s case study of Little Hans show?
That phobias can be expressions of unconscious conflict, supporting the Oedipus complex.
What did Fisher & Greenberg (1996) find in their review?
They found empirical support for many aspects of psychoanalysis.
What was Sue & Sue’s (2008) cultural criticism of psychoanalysis?
They argued that it may not be suitable for non-Western cultures that avoid discussing distressing thoughts.
What is the significance of Rogers’ client-centred therapy?
It aims to increase congruence and self-worth through unconditional positive regard.
What did Harter et al. (1996) find about conditions of worth?
Teens with conditional love from parents had lower self-esteem, supporting Rogers’ theory.
What did Nevis (1983) find about self-actualisation in China?
Chinese students valued community contribution over personal growth, showing cultural bias in Maslow’s hierarchy.
