Approaches in psychology

Question 1

Behaviourist Approach

Answer 1

Focuses on observable behaviour only
Classical conditioning = learning through association (Pavlov’s dogs)
Operant conditioning = learning through consequences (Skinner rat box)
Positive/Negative Reinforcement
Punishment

Question 2

Social Learning Theory (SLT)

Answer 2

Learn through observation & imitation
Key terms: Modelling, Imitation, Identification, Vicarious Reinforcement
Bandura’s Bobo Doll – children copied aggressive behaviour

Question 3

Cognitive Approach

Answer 3

Internal mental processes = studied using scientific methods
Mind = like a computer (input → processing → output)
Schemas = mental frameworks that affect perception
Criticised for being too machine-like

Question 4

Biological Approach

Answer 4

Focuses on genes, brain structures, neurotransmitters, hormones
Twin studies used to investigate heredity
Criticised for being too reductionist

Question 5

Psychodynamic Approach

Answer 5

Defence mechanisms: repression, denial, displacement
Psychosexual stages: oral → anal → phallic → latency → genital
Criticised for being unscientific & unfalsifiable

Question 6

Humanistic Psychology

Answer 6

Focuses on free will, self-actualisation, and personal growth
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs – must meet lower needs first
Rogers – congruence between self-concept & ideal self = healthy self-esteem
Uses client-centred therapy