approaches to psychology Flashcards
(38 cards)
what is classical conditioning
when a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that it eventually takes on the properties of this stimulus and is able to produce a conditioned response
What is operant conditioning?
Learning through reinforcement or punishment. If a behaviour is followed by a desirable consequence then that behaviour is more likely to occur again in the future.
what is modelling
a form of learning where individuals learn a particular behaviour by observing others
what is imitation
the action of using someone or something as a model and copying their behaviour
what is vicarious reinforcement
learning through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour
what is a behaviourist?
someone who believes that human behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning.
what is social learning theory?
learning through observing others and imitating behaviours that are rewarded
What is introspection?
the process by which a person gains knowledge about his or her mental and emotional state
What is Empiricism?
The belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience.
What is Punishment?
involves the application of an unpleasant consequence following a behaviour, with the result that the behaviour is less likely to occur again in the future.
What is inference?
reaching a logical conclusion on the basis of evidence and reasoning
What is positive reinforcement?
It’s when a behaviour produces a consequence that is satisfying or pleasant for the organisms
What is negative reinforcement?
When something “unpleasant” is removed to restore the organism to it’s “pre-aversive”
Define the term mediational processes.
refer to the internal mental processes that exist between environmental stimuli and the response made by an individual performing that behaviour.
What is reinforcement?
Anything that strengthens a response and increases the likelihood that it will happen again
What is Extinction?
If a behaviour that is being reinforced stops being reinforced then it will gradually stop happening
Name and describe the Mediational Processes
- Attention - To learn behaviour from others, you have to pay attention. Once you notice your role model, you have to give your full attention and attend to their behaviour.
- Retention - Not only do you need to pay attention at the time, but you need to remember what you observed to be able to model it.
- Reproduction - Then you judge if you’re capable of reproducing that behaviour. If you think you can you’re far more likely to do it.
- Motivation - You evaluate the direct or indirect results of imitating the behaviour. If the behaviour results in a good reward, you’re more likely to imitate it.
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
Is the natural stimulus to any reflex. i.e a natural thing or event that cause a specific functional reaction
What’s identification?
It’s the extent to which an individual relates to a model and feels that he or she is similar to that person.
What are defence mechanisms?
Unconscious strategies that protect our conscious mind from anxiety.
What is Psychoanalysis?
A term used to describe the personality theory and therapy associated with Sigmund Freud.
Define the term Psychodynamic.
Refers to any theory that emphasises change and development in the individual, particularly those theories where “drive” is the central concept in development.
Define the term Unconscious.
That part of the human mind that contains repressed ideas and memories, as well as primitive desires and impulses that have never been allowed to enter the conscious mind.
What is Self-actualisation?
Rogers used it as the drive to realise one’s true potential. Maslow used it to describe the final stage of his hierarchy of needs.
