Approaches to research test Flashcards
Test 1 - March 2025 (26 cards)
Ecological validity
The extent to which research findings can be generalized to real-world settings.
What is operationalized in research?
Defining variables in a measurable way (eg. measuring stress through heart rate).
IV vs DV
IV is manipulated, DV is measured.
What is a quasi experiment?
Have participants based on a certain trait/behaviour (e.g. gender, culture, age etc). Does not show direct causation. No random allocation and low ‘internal validity’.
What is a correlation study?
A study that measures the relationship between two variables without manipulating them.
Bidirectional ambiguity
When a correlation does not indicate a cause-and-effect relationship.
What is a case study?
An in-depth study of an individual or small group over time.
Interviews in psychology
Used to gather qualitative data.
What is an observation study?
A study where researches watch and record data without interference.
What are extraneous variables?
Variables other than the IV that may affect the results.
What are confounding results?
Uncontrolled extraneous variables that affect the DV.
What is a null hypothesis?
A hypothesis that states no relationship exists between the IV and DV.
What is an alternative hypothesis?
A hypothesis only adopted if there is no null hypothesis. Theory that observations are related in some way.
What is random sampling?
Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
What is stratified sampling?
The sample represents subgroups in the population proportionally.
What is oppurtunity sampling?
Participants are chosen based on validity.
What is population validity?
The extent to which results can be genralized to other populations.
What is participant validity?
Differences among participants that may affect results.
What is internal validity?
How well a study controls extraneous variables to measure the intended effect.
What is external validity?
The extent to which results can be generalized to real-world settings.
Two types of external validity:
Population validity
Ecological validity
What are demand characteristics?
When participants change behaviour because they think they know the study’s aim.
What is researcher bias?
When the researcher’s expecations influence results.
Main ethical considerations in psychology:
Informed consent
Anonymity/confidentiality
Right to withdrawel
Deception
Undue stress or harm
Debriefing
