April 25: Carbohydrates + Orientation to Fat - The Misunderstood Nutrient Flashcards
Insulin
A hormone that is needed for glucose entry into the cell
Type 1 diabetes
Lack of insulin
Type 2 diabetes
Insulin resistance - cell no longer responding to insulin
What are some negative health effects of diabetes?
Cardiovascular disease
Poor circulation (amputation of limbs)
Loss of eyesight
Infection (because of poor circulation & sugar rich blood)
How is glucose stored in the body?
As glycogen
What are the three end products of carbohydrate energy metabolism?
Energy (4 calories/g) + water + carbon dioxide
What happens to excess carbohydrates?
Stored as fat
How does the body turn protein into glucose?
It breaks down proteins and removes the nitrogen from them via urine. It then turns those amino acids into glucose
What is a low carbohydrate diet, what are effects?
High protein or fat/low carb
Carbohydrate < 50g/day
Low fiber, vitamins, minerals
Constipation, bad breath
Loss of weight rapid initially with shift in energy use (glycogen is depleted which results in water leaving the body)
Lose protein mass (muscle)
Added sugar
Any sugar that is added to food during processing. Metabolized differently than intrinsic sugar. The limit intake of added sugars is <50g daily
Intrinsic sugar
Sugar that is found naturally in food (think fruits, for example)
Gluten
Actually a protein. It helps foods maintain their shape, acting as a glue that holds food together
Celiac disease
The surface of the intestinal tract is inflamed and damaged by gluten and by-products of gluten digestion
Fat function in the body
Used for energy, structure, and regulation just like protein
Triglyceride
A type of fat. Made up of a glycerol + 3 fatty acids
