APRPREP Cards Flashcards

Question

Controlled communication channels ## Footnote [Enroll APR Online Study Course](https://shop.online2learn.biz/products/aprprep-online-study-course)

Answer 1

Self-sponsored communication channels, media and tools that are under direct control of the sender. Examples include paid advertising, newsletters, brochures, some intranets, teleconferences and videoconferencing, meetings and speeches, position papers and all other channels and communication products under organizational control.

Answer 2

Advising management concerning policies, relations and communications

Answer 3

Protects and defends and individual company or organization facing a public challenge to its reputation. These challenges involve legal, ethical, or financial standing.

Answer 4

Activities designed to build sound relationships between an organization and it's employees, and,a critical element in fostering positive attitudes and behavior of employees as ambassadors for the organization.

Answer 5

An aspect of public relations responsible for building relationships with investor publics, including shareholders/stockholders, potential investors, financial analysts, the finance markets and the Security Exchange commission. Dealing and communicating with the shareholders of an organization and the investment community. Also known as investor relations and shareholder relations.

Answer 6

An aspect of relationship building between an organization and government at local, state, and/or national levels, especially involving the flow of information to and from legislative and regulatory bodies in an effort to influence public policy decisions compatible with the organization's interests. Dealing and communicating with legislatures and government agencies on behalf of an organization.

Answer 7

An activist practice for creating social change among average people. Grassroots organizing is based of the power of the people to take collective action on their own behalf. This public relations technique is often used to sway public opinion and move legislators into action. Grasstops uses the same strategy but with community influencers.

Answer 8

The proactive process of anticipating, identifying, evaluating and responding to public policy issues that affect organizations and their publics now and in the future.

Answer 9

The specialized area of public relations that builds and maintains relations with a government or its officials for the primary purpose of influencing legislation and regulation.

Answer 10

The management function that identifies human needs and wants, offers products and services to satisfy those demands and causes transactions that deliver products and services in exchange for something of value to the provider. Targets customers.

Answer 11

A combination of activities designed to sell a product service or idea including advertising collateral materials interactive communications publicity promotion direct mail trade shows and special events.

Answer 12

Mutually beneficial associations between publicist or public relations professionals and members of media organizations as a condition for reaching audiences with messages of news or features of interest maintaining up-to-date list of media people and knowledge of media audience interest are critical to the function. Dealing with communication media and seeking publicity or responding to their interests in the organization.

Answer 13

Relating with people in various cultural groups. Understanding multicultural and workplace diversity continues to increase importance. diversity in the workplace continues to provide challenges and opportunities - public relations practitioners and other managers impacting messaging perceptions of ideas and services. these considerations may include issues of household composition ages gender ethnic and religious backgrounds, language, technology fluency, health status or disabilities.

Answer 14

Create a newsworthy stories and events to attract media attention and gain public notice.

Answer 15

Taking the initiative to develop and apply public relations plans to achieve measurable results toward set goals and objectives.

Answer 16

Activities designed to win publicity or attention, especially the staging of special events to generate media coverage. Special activities designed to create and stimulate interest in a person, product, organization or cause.

Answer 17

Persuasion based on appeals rather than the merit of a case. Often gives only one side of an argument, making it deceitful and not in the public interest.

Answer 18

Glittering generalities, name calling, transfer, bandwagon, plain folks, testimonials, card stacking

Answer 19

A specialized area of public relations that builds and maintains mutually beneficial governmental and local community relations. also applies to the military and government agencies due to the 1913 Gillett amendment.

Answer 20

Representation of a point of view in communication such as facts news messages pictures or data; the process of disseminating such information to Publics usually through mass media; a designation describing persons charged with the task of such dissemination usually on behalf of government agencies, non-profit organizations, colleges or universities.

Answer 21

Information from an outside source that is used by the media because it has news value. It is an uncontrolled method of placing messages because the source does not pay the media replacement.

Answer 22

Response to crisis and putting out fires defensively rather than initiating programs. there are varying degrees of reactive public relations with some situations required implementation of an organization's crisis plan.

Answer 23

Reputation management has long been a function of public relations, which is often cited in the context of crisis management. The increased use of the Internet and related social media has given added urgency to the practice, as the immediate and anonymous nature of the web increases the risk of communications that can damage an organization's reputation. Online reputation management isn't growing specialized segment a public relations.

Answer 24

Stimulating and interested in a person, product or organization by means of a focus "happening." activities designed to interact with Public and listen to them.

Answer 25

Uncontrolled communications channels refer to the media that are not direct control of the company, organization or center of messages. These include newspapers and magazines, radio and television, external websites, externally produce blogs and social media commentary, and externally produced news stories.

Answer 26

Information placed in the media by an identified sponsor that pays for time or space. It is a controlled method for placing messages in the media.

Answer 27

A product, service or concept that is publicly distinguished from other products, services or concepts so it can be easily communicated and usually marketed. A brand name is the name of a distinctive product service or concept.

Answer 28

The process of creating and/or disseminating the brand name. Branding can be applied o the entire corporate identity as well as to individual product or service names.

Answer 29

An area of public relations with responsibilities for building relationships with constituent publics such as schools, charities, clubs and activist interests of the neighborhoods or metropolitan areas where an organization operates. Dealing and communicating with citizens and groups within an organization's operating area.

Answer 30

Advising management concerning policies, relations, and communications.

Answer 31

The proactive process of anticipating, identifying, evaluating and responding to public policy issues that affect organizations and their publics now and in the future.

Answer 32

Define the specific ethical issue or conflict, identify internal and external factors that may influence the decision, identify the key values, identify the audience who will be affected by the decision and define the public relations professionals obligation to each, seek ethical principles to guide the decision making process, make your decision and justify it.

Answer 33

Is a legal word or act by which the author makes the work available to the world while retaining control of the creative expression. The author must submit to the Library of Congress and display the copyright symbol on the material. Creative expression of ideas is subject to copyright.

Answer 34

Two major goals: to protect the original creator of the work and to provide economic incentive for new knowledge.

Answer 35

An author who creates a tangible expression of his or her ideas immediately acquires common law copyright of the work. This right continues until the author dedicates the work to the public by general publication or surrenders common law right to obtain specific statutory Copyright protection.

Answer 36

Protects an author's intellectual production. The dividing line between common law copyright and statutory Copyright is publication.

Answer 37

Untruth that damages a reputation. Written or pictorial defamation is known as libel; spoken defamation is known as slander and need not be spoken in a public setting. To qualify as defamation, a statement must be untrue.

Answer 38

To be defamed or damaged, an exposed person or organization must prove three conditions were present: defamation, identification, communication(publication \broadcast), fault (malice or negligence) and damage. Since a public figure puts themselves out in the public, malice must be proven.

Answer 39

This privilege insulates a reporter or publication against defamation(libel/slander). Not a license to circulate derogatory information, the information must be related to community interest with the subject. Fair comment is a recognizable defense against a libel action, based on the argument that the statement was Tru or privileged(taken from a public document).

Answer 40

Libel has 4 defenses: truth, privilege, fair comment, and retraction.

Answer 41

A full and prompt apology that helps mitigate damages.

Answer 42

This law allows used or part of copyrighted materials without violating copyright laws and without paying a royalty or fee when used for, criticism, comments, news reporting, teaching, scholarship or research. Fair use now applies to printed works and the distribution of music photograph videos and software. Fair use does not apply to commercial use.

Answer 43

Public relations practitioners working for any foreign principles must register under this act, whether they are directly lobbying US government officials or not

Answer 44

This legal term describes rights or entitlement that apply to the ownership and use of certain types of information, ideas or other concepts in an expressed form.

Answer 45

This ruling that actual malice must be proven by a public figure.

Answer 46

This law important for public relations professionals to know ensures an individual's right to be left alone and can be violated if names, likeness, and/or information is used for commercial purposes.

Answer 47

Four torts or kinds of wrongful acts or damages to privacy exist: appropriation(the element of taking a person's name or likeness for advertising or trade purposes without consent), intrusion(invading a person's solitude), public disclosure of embarrassing private facts, false light (misrepresentation).

Answer 48

This term is used for extensive word-for-word copying. For a violation, copying must be exact, word for word. Paraphrasing is not a violation, but without attribution, it does raise ethical concerns. Speeches quoting the ideas of another can lead to copyright violation.

Answer 49

Research is the systematic gathering of information to describe an understanding situation comma check assumptions about Publix and perceptions, and check the public relations consequences. research helps define the problem and publics.

Answer 50

Goals are longer term, broad, more global, future statement of being. Goals may include how an organization is uniquely distinguished in the minds of its target publics. | "Our organization will be reconized as a trusted partner in the activity

Answer 51

Define what behavior, attitude or opinion you want to achieve, a specific audience, how much to achieve, and what to achieve. Objective should be specific, measurable, relevant, results oriented, time specific. | "By second quarter, 40% of our audience will have attended at least one

Answer 52

Change behavior, awareness, opinion, support. Outcome objectives require high level strategic thinking. Differentiate between measuring public relations outputs generally short-term and surface and measuring public relations outcomes usually more far-reaching and carrying greater impact changing awareness attitudes and even behavior.

Answer 53

Serve to inform or educate. Process objectives focus on a continuing process.

Answer 54

Measure activities, e.g. number of contacts or news releases. Output can help monitor your work but have no direct value in measuring the effectiveness of a campaign.

Answer 55

These serve as a road map or approach to reach objectives. Strategies describe how to reach objectives.

Answer 56

Serve as specific elements of a strategy or specific tools more specifically "how to". Examples include meetings, publications, tie-in, community events, news releases, etc.

Answer 57

Actual messages sent through what channels, how many messages reached target audiences, monitoring tools for execution.

Answer 58

Measure effectiveness of the program against objectives. Identify ways to improve and recommendations for the future. Adjust the plan, materials, etc. Before going forward. Can serve as research for the next phase or program.

Answer 59

The objective, systematic and quantitative description and evaluation of the content of documents, including print media and broadcast media coverage. In content analysis we attempt to objectively code and describe the content of communication. Content analysis involves selecting a unit of analysis, defining categories, sampling and coding.

Answer 60

A quantitative method that uses a series of written, verbal, or online questions to sample a desired universe- a population or group of people.

Answer 61

Held for the first time that the First Ammendment limits the ability of states to impose damages for the publication of a statement even if false in some circumstances.

Answer 62

The court concluded the right of the press and public to compel access to information concerning the exercise of government power.

Answer 63

Freedom of information act. 1. National Security 2. Internal agency personnel rules 3. Information specifically exempt from disclosure by another law 4. Trade secrets 5. Internal agency memorandum 6. Personal privacy 7. Law enforcement investigation 8. Federally regulated bank information 9. Oil, gas and we'll data

Answer 64

The publication of anything injurious to the good name and reputation of another or which tends to bring him in disrepute.

Answer 65

Shields the publisher of an accurate and impartial report of the contents of legal papers filed in court to avoid being held responsible for publishing libel statements.

Answer 66

Reliable on a reputable newspaper or news agency for news reports. May be used as a defense against the republication of libel statements.

Answer 67

1. A defamatory statement was made. 2. The defamatory statement was matter-of-fact not opinion 3. The defamatory statement was false 4. The defamatory statement is about the plaintiff 5. The defamatory statement was published with the requisite degree of fault.

Answer 68

A less expensive quantitative research method that involves piggybacking some questions on a research company's poll. aAlso called subscription studies. National studies made up of clusters of questions proprietary to particular clients.

Answer 69

A brief summary of the problem written in present tense, describing the situation.

Answer 70

Principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of data through replicable observation and experiment, and the formulation and testing of hypothesis, comparison against standards and provisions for replication; objective, empirical; predictive.

Answer 71

Offer an in-depth understanding of how certain people and organizations think. Data gathered cannot be confidently interpreted more broadly but are restricted to the situations where the data was gathered.

Answer 72

Breaks down the rich stream of qualitative data into countable catagories based on a prescribed catagorization system. Enables a method to interpret qualitative methodologies.

Answer 73

1. Offer an in-depth understanding of how people and organizations think and operate. 2. Provide an ability to understand how specific members of a population feel about questions of value 3. Provide a richer context to explain quantitative research 4. often preferred when conducting environmental scans or monitoring a PR problem.

Answer 74

What you can actually see and count; an analysis which explains the visible and literal meaning of specific words or phrases within textual data. For example the number of times specific financial figures are given in a financial report.

Answer 75

More qualitative and deals with the underlying or deeper meaning or themes of the messages. They are attitudinal in nature and more difficult to count.

Answer 76

Actual documents studies, books, reports, and articles as written by researchers themselves

Answer 77

A report on the findings of the primary source. Not as authoritative as the primary source. Provides broad background and improves one's learning curve.

Answer 78

Reports on or summarizes the secondary source report on the primary source. These should be approached with caution because they are often biased by author's opinions

Answer 79

Indepth secondary research method that combines attitude surveys, in-depth interviews, focus groups, and any other types of data that can be mined to understand the results of qualitative and quantitative research.

Answer 80

Groups of people who are internal or external to the organization but who have common concerns or shared interests

Answer 81

Prospective employees, shareholders, government agencies, special interest groups

Answer 82

All profits belong to the owner. Owner pays taxes on income and is responsible for all debts. Company terminates when owner dies.

Answer 83

Similar to proprietorship but all profits and debts belong to both or all owners. Company terminates upon death of owners.

Answer 84

Tax like a partnership but owners are not responsible for the company's debt. Avoids double taxation.

Answer 85

Largely publicly held companies that sell stock to raise capital. In an S corporation the income or loss is passed to shareholders. Not subject to double taxation. In a.c corporation income or loss is not pass through to shareholders subject to double taxation.

Answer 86

Describes the degree in which the firm owns the upstream or downstream supply chain components. Consolidate key functions of decision-making within the organization. The decision making is top down or vertical.

Answer 87

Distribution isn't making across organizational units flat or horizontal. Often require different significantly diversifies its products or is geographically diverse.

Answer 88

Shows a firm's assets liabilities and equity at a given point in time. Compared to a photograph.

Answer 89

Measures of a firm's profitability over a period of time, comparing gross income revenues, expenses and showing net income.

Answer 90

Shows how cash flows in and out of company over a given time. Compared to a video. She is positive and negative cash flow and operating investing and financing activities.

Answer 91

Retirement plans for profit and not for profit organizations types of defined contribution plans.

Answer 92

Allows employees to choose from a menu of benefits health life FSA's excetera.

Answer 93

Employee promise a specific monthly benefit employee is not required to contribute and private sector companies but is required to contribute and public sector. Employee is not required to make investment decisions.

Answer 94

Creates an individual account for each employee benefit received is based on amount contributed and affected by income expenses gains and losses period 401k and 403b plans are types of defined contribution plans.

Answer 95

Requires that all publicly traded companies to disclose material information to all investors at the same time.

Answer 96

Legislation covers corporate auditing accountability responsibility and transparency. Affects how information is disclosed therefore intersects with PR. Public companies are required to disclose effectiveness of their an internal financial reporting controls accelerated insider trading reporting and blackout periods.

Answer 97

Sherman Clayton Act and Robinson Putnam act makes it illegal to engage in activities that ruins competition.

Answer 98

Federal lobbying Act 1913 lobbyist must register with the House and Senate each quarter must disclose money received during the previous quarter.

Answer 99

Federal Corrupt Practices Act of 1925, Hatch Act of 1939 and taft-hartley act make it illegal for organizations including unions to make political contributions in connection with election to any political office or for any candidate. Organizations can form packs however because they're funded by employees union members excetera

Answer 100

Registration of foreign agents Act of 1938 required public relations professionals who represent foreign government to register with US government.

Answer 101

Wrote "crystalizing public opinion" the first book on public relations and coined the term public relations counsel with his wife Doris Fleishman. Conceptualized a new model of public relations that emphasized the application of social science research ND behavioral psychology to formulate campaigns and messages that can change people's behaviors. Considered the father of modern public relations.

Answer 102

Created a document termed by journalists as the "Declaration Principles." Among the principles to supply news and ensure the company's work is done in the open, provide accurate information and not advertising, and work with media to respond promptly to requests for additional information. Considered the first public relations counselor. Used the dissemination of truthful and accurate public information to gain public support and reach mutual understanding between corporation and their publics.

Answer 103

The great American showman of the 19th century. Used flowery language and exaggeration to promote various attractions.

Answer 104

Served as the head of the United States Committee on Public Information, a propaganda organization created by President Woodrow Wilson during World War I and understood the power of publucity to mobilize the public. Started the "four minutemen" and created spokespersons. Helped President Woodrow Wilson organize a public relations effort to unit the nation and influence opinion during the,way.

Answer 105

A model that the public relations practitioner is a liaison between the organization and key publics, rather than as a persuader. Grunig's "Excellence Theory" states that the most effective relationship is equal, with a 50/50 symmetrical balance for listening and speaking.

Answer 106

The idea that public relations practitioners are in the business of building and fostering relationships.

Answer 107

Occurs when two groups direct efforts against each other, devising actions and communication that directly or verbally attack the other group.

Answer 108

A pervasive condition in life, occurs when two or more groups or organizations vie for the same resources.

Answer 109

External threats, industry-specific environment, general political/social environment, external public characteristics, the issue under consideration

Answer 110

Individual communication competency. Personal ethical values, ability to handle complex problems, ability to recognize potential and existing threats, familiarity with external publics or its representatives

Answer 111

Identifies the stance of an organization toward a given public at a given time. It also shows the dynamism of strategic conflict management.

Answer 112

When public relations take a hard-nosed approach and refute criticism

Answer 113

The organization agrees with critics, changes policies, makes restitution, and apologizes for its actions

Answer 114

Shows "big picture" of how to manage a conflict. Strategic management can be divided into four phases: proactive phase, strategic phase, reactive phase, recovery phase. PR pros typically move from left to right of the cycle but may manage two phases simultaneously.

Answer 115

The constant reading, listening, and watching current affairs with an eye to an organization's interest.

Answer 116

More focused and systematic process of monitoring external coverage of an organization. Includes news story clipping.

Answer 117

Occurs when an organization makes behavioral changes or creates strategic plans in ways that address an emerging issue.

Answer 118

The first step in preparing for the worst - an issue or event that has escalated to crisis proportions.

Answer 119

An issue that has become an emerging conflict is identified as needing concerted action by PR

Answer 120

Dangers or threats to people or organizations are communicated to forstall personal injury, health problems, and environmental damage. This communication continues as long g as risk exists or until risk escalates to a crisis.

Answer 121

Enable the organization to position itself favorably in anticipation of actions such as boycott, adverse legislation, elections, or similar events that play out in public opinion.

Answer 122

A plan that prepares an organization for the worst outcome- an issue that resists risk communication efforts and becomes a conflict of crisis proportions.

Answer 123

Once an issue or imminent conflict reaches a critical level of impact on the organization, the PR representative must react to events in the external communication environment as they unfold.

Answer 124

Includes the implementation of the crisis management plan as well as the hectic 24/7 efforts to meet the needs of publics such as disaster victims, employees, government officials, and the media.

Answer 125

In the aftermath of a crisis or high-profile, heated conflict with the public, the organization should employ strategies either to bolster or repair it's reputation in the eyes of key publics

Answer 126

Includes systematic research to learn the state of the organization's reputation and then take steps to improve it.

Answer 127

Steps taken to help improve an organization's damaged reputation in the fourth phase of the conflict management life-cycle or the recovery phase. Organizations must demonstrate genuine change by the organization. This can be a long-term process.

Answer 128

1. Issue identification 2. Issue analysis 3. Strategy options 4. An action plan 5. The evaluation of results

Answer 129

Organizations should track the alternative press, mainstream media, online chat rooms, blogs, and activist group newsletters to learn what issues or concerns are being discussed.

Answer 130

Once an emerging issue has been identified, the next step is to assess it's potential threat to the organization. Another consideration is to determine if an organization is vulnerable on an issue.

Answer 131

Once a company sees an issue as damaging, the next step is to consider what to do about it.

Answer 132

Once a specific policy has been decided on, the fourth step is to communicate with all intetested publics

Answer 133

Once the new policy is in place and communicated, the final step is to evaluate the results.

Answer 134

Any verbal or written exchange that attempts to communicate information that positions the organization favorably regarding competition or anticipated conflict.

Answer 135

The collective representation of an organization's past performance that describes the firm's ability to deliver valued outcomes to multiple stakeholders. A reputation is the track record of an organization in the public's mind. A good reputation is created and destroyed by everything an organization does from employee management to conflict resolution.

Answer 136

Economic performance, social responsiveness, the ability to deliver valuable outcomes to stakeholders

Answer 137

Can be used to assess and monitor an organization's reputation

Answer 138

Attempts to convey information regarding risk to public health and safety and the environment. It involves more than the dissemination of accurate information. The communicator must begin early, identify public concerns, recognize the public as a legitimate partner, anticipate hostility, respond to the news media, and always be honest.

Answer 139

A 100 percent sample. Identify all the people in your universe and give each one an opportunity to respond. Useful with small well-defined populations.

Answer 140

A scientific sample drawn in such a way that the probability of being chosen is equal or is known.

Answer 141

Informal selection of persons interviewed. This type of sampling is easier and faster than formal methods and cam be considered to be representative of the total population that interests you. These include: Convenience, Quota, Dimensional, Snowball, Purpose

Answer 142

1. Awareness, 2. Interest, 3. Evaluation, 4. Trial, 5. Adoption

Answer 143

1. Innovators, 2. Early adopters, 3. Early majority, 4. Majority, 5. Nonadopters

Answer 144

People who are somehow interdependent or mutually involved with a particular organization

Answer 145

After you've completed research about the opportunity, conducted a situation analysis and developed a problem statement

Answer 146

Employees, government, industry-business, community, academia, media, investment/financial, customer

Answer 147

All-issue, Apathetic, single-issue, hot-issue

Answer 148

Those whom the issue at hand has virtually no effect

Answer 149

Are not aware of their connection to a situation

Answer 150

Understand the importance of an issue of them, but have not acted

Answer 151

Are doing something about an issue

Answer 152

A view, judgement, or appraisal formed in the mind about a particular matter

Answer 153

A state or habit of mind in which trust or confidence is placed in some person or thing

Answer 154

A mental position with regard to a fact or state/feeling or emotion toward a fact or state

Answer 155

Something intrinsically valuable or desirable; something esteemed

Answer 156

Helps managers analyze a particular problem by thinking through the reasons a problem exists. Also known as a fishbone diagram.

Answer 157

Differences among people within a group, stemming from variations in factors such as, age, gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual preference, education, etc.

Answer 158

Careful monitoring of an organization's internal and external environments for detecting early signs of opportunities and threats that may influence it's current and future plans.

Answer 159

A problem solving approach that gives planners a visual image of a problem by breaking the problem into progressively smaller parts.

Answer 160

In an organization structure, line management functions are often limited by product - and profit-producing functions that increase the bottom line such as; engineering, production, and marketing. Line function is the act of handling the processes and the people to deliver production of goods or services to an agreed standard, vs Staff management function, which is more strategic.

Answer 161

Achieved when a business recognizes the strengths and specific needs/preferences of its diverse publics and employees and chooses strategies based on these strengths and perspectives.

Answer 162

This decision-making tool helps to asses where power and weakness lie and assumes that there are five important forces that affect competition. A framework for analyzing a company's competitive environment: industry competition, new market entrants, supplier power, customer/buyer power, substitute products.

Answer 163

Staff management functions provide advice and counsel to those in line function. Public Relations managers and supervisors often fall in Staff managment function.

Answer 164

Helps a company understand it's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Organizations use this technique for business planning, strategic planning, competitive evaluation, marketing, and product development

Answer 165

Nation's first publicity firm, forerunner to today's PR firm, used tools of fact-finding publicity and personal contact to saturate media with railroad propaganda

Answer 166

Organization - sons of liberty. Committees of correspondence, symbols - liberty tree; slogans - taxation without representation; staged events, Boston tea party

Answer 167

Director of the office of war information during World War II. Pioneered widespread use of radio, Hollywood and media to publicize the enemy.

Answer 168

Founded the American Counsel that ultimately became PRSA through mergers with other public relations organizations

Answer 169

Long-time public relations advisor to Franklin D. Roosevelt. Recognized that mutually beneficial public relationships could be built only by coupling responsible performance with persuasive publicity

Answer 170

Key member of President Jackson's kitchen cabinet, he excelled at creating events to mold opinion. Pollster, counselor, ghostwriter, and publicist

Answer 171

An AT&T vice president who helped set the standard for corporate PR. Said a company's performance would be determined by public reputation.

Answer 172

First president to exploit news media as a new and powerful tool of presidential leadership

Answer 173

Laid the public acceptance and public policy foundations for the nation's telephone system. Pioneered corporate public relations with AT&T. Understood the necessity for improving relationships between corporations and public.

Answer 174

Created the first corporate public relations department

Answer 175

Between 1900 and 1916. PR used muckraking and defensive publicity. The objective was to get the news out. Popular issues were social reform and unions.

Answer 176

Between 1917-1918. George Creel led the Comittee of public information. The themes to promote were: patriotism, the war to end all wars. The trend was organized promotion and interest groups. The Four Minutemen were started.

Answer 177

Between 1919 and 1929. A period of mutual understanding. PR promoted products. Key public figures were Edward Bernays and Arthur Page. WWI techniques were used for social science.

Answer 178

Between 1930-1945. The common attitudes were mutual understanding, depression, and WWII. The PR Trend was mass media and social responsibility. Key figures were: Louis McHenry Howe, Elmer Davis, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Answer 179

Between 1946 and 1964. The organizational attitudes were: mutual adjustment, professionalism, post-war service economy, consumerism. The PR Trend was towards credibility, Associations, code of ethics, formal education. TV became an important medium.

Answer 180

Between 1965 and 1985. Organizational attitude was mutual adjustment. The PR Trend was accommodation, systems theory, management by objective, functional vs. Functionary approach.Technology began to grow. The key figure was: Marshall McLuhan for understanding the media "global village" and the medium is the message.

Answer 181

Between 1986 and the present. An attitude of mutual adjustment. The PR Trend of constant technological connections, international relationships, organizational transparency.

Answer 182

Pre 1900's. An Attitude of public be dammed. P.T. Barnum style of PR tactics.

Answer 183

1. Opinion statement should be accompanied by the facts on which the opinions are based 2. Statements of opinion be clearly labeled as such 3. The context of the language surrounding the expression of opinion be reviewed for possible legal implications

Answer 184

A Word, symbol, OR slogan used singly or in combination that identifies a product's origin.

Answer 185

1. Trademarks are proper adjectives and should be capitalized and followed by a generic noun. 2. Trademarks should not be pluralism or used in the possessive form. 3. Trademarks are never verbs.

Answer 186

Opinions on controversial issues that one can express in public without isolating oneself. Or, the sum of individual opinions on an issue affecting those individuals. It is also a collection of views held by persons interested in the subject.applies to the element of conformity that public opinion can impose on individuals who want to avoid alienation.

Answer 187

Awareness, interest, trial, evaluation and adoption. Individuals are often influenced by media in the first two steps and by friends and family members in the 3rd and 4th steps.

Answer 188

Continual efforts to maintain the reservoir of good will. This is considered the most effective public relations.

Answer 189

1. Audience analysis 2. Source credibility 3. Appeal to self interest 4. Clarity of message 5. Timing and context 6. Audience participation 7. Suggestions for action 8. Content and structure of messages 9. Persuasive speaking

Answer 190

Knowledge of audience characteristics such as, beliefs, attitudes, concerns, and lifestyles is an essential part of persuasion and tailoring messages to communicate to target audiences

Answer 191

Health insurance portability and accountability act. Provides the ability to transfer and continue health insurance coverage for millions of Americans when the lose or change jobs. Mandates industry -wide standards for health care information on electronic billing and other processes. Requires the protection and confedential handling of protected health information(PHI).

Answer 192

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act. A federal law that protects the privacy of student education records. The law applies to all schools that receive funds under an applicable program of the US Department of Education. This law gives parents rights with respect to their children's education records. These rights transfer to the student when they turn 18.

Answer 193

A study designed to learn how people change over time or to track progress. The panel studies interview the same respondents several times during the study with a series of questions on a fixed schedule. Respondents may also keep a diary during the study.

Answer 194

Uses different samples drawn from the same population to track change over time.

Answer 195

Someone who listens to the concerns of internal organizational publics. This person may also review organizational publics and mediate disputes between the organization and its employees.

Answer 196

The overarching reason why an organization came into existence; a visionary statement that can guide an organization's purpose and planning for many years.

Answer 197

Research conducted before and during implementation to inform planning and program adjustment. Obtains benchmark measures that are vital for evaluation as well as information to assist planning.

Answer 198

Documents impact of a program. Research conducted post-program to evaluate public relations programs as evaluation research or measurement.

Answer 199

Active on all issues

Answer 200

Inattentive and inactive on all issues

Answer 201

Active on a limited number of issues

Answer 202

Respond and become active after being exposed to an issue

Answer 203

Have virtually no connection involvement or interest in the issue at hand

Answer 204

Not aware of their connection to a situation

Answer 205

Understand the importance of an issue to them but have not acted

Answer 206

Doing something about an issue

Answer 207

Observable responses or statements concerning issues or topics. Opinions are specific to a topic and time rationale and changeable. Can be measured directly by asking a person a question and recording the response. The response is the person's opinion.

Answer 208

Covert predispositions governing likes and dislikes. Attitudes are effective rather than cognitive subjective rather than objective global or general rather than specific and enduring rather than changeable. Attitudes cannot be measured by asking direct questions. People often can't explain their attitudes. Therefore attitudes must be inferred through indirect questioning about how people feel or through physiological responses.

Answer 209

Assumptions people live by. Believes our understandings about the way things in the world work or should be. People often have trouble explaining their beliefs in detail. Neverthel nevertheless beliefs are building blocks of attitudes and opinions. Researchers often group release into system such as capitalism feminism or Christian theology

Answer 210

Explicit standards for evaluating right wrong desirable or undesirable. Values determine what people think are important in life like attitudes are usually covered people usually say what they think is right or wrong or what is important to them but they usually can't explain why they make those judgments.

Answer 211

The systematic gathering of information to describe and understand publics and perceptions and to check the public relations consequences. Research helps define the problem and publics. Who do we want to reach? What do we want them to do? What messages do we want them to communicate to each public that will encourage desired behavior, increase knowledge, change attitudes?

Answer 212

Primary, secondary, formal, informal, qualitative, quantitative, scientific method

Answer 213

Change behavior, awareness, opinion, support. Requires a high level of strategic thinking.

Answer 214

Inform and educate

Answer 215

Measure activities or inputs. Can help monitor your work but have no direct value to measuring effectiveness of campaign

Answer 216

Actual messages sent through what channels, how many reached audiences, monitoring tools for execution

Answer 217

Measure effectiveness of program objective, identify ways to improve and recommendations for future programs. Can serve as research for next phase.

Answer 218

Who needs to understand? Who needs to be involved? Whose advice or support do you need? Who will be,affected? Who has something to gain or lose?

Answer 219

Beginning of research process. Seeks to create a body of knowledge about an issue. Detects and describe problems or potential issues. Provides information to state problem.

Answer 220

Internal: Strengths and weaknesses External: Opportunities and threats

Answer 221

A group of listeners or spectators who may receive a message but may not have a common connection.

Answer 222

Can be described as the process of organizing a complex enterprise in which numerous organizations are involved and bring their contributions together to form a coherent or efficient whole. It implies formal structures, relationships and processes

Answer 223

Individuals whose opinions are sought in a survey the population can be as broad as every adult in the United States or as focused as Liberal Democrats who live in the fifth word of Chicago and voted in the last election . A sample may be drawn to reflect the population which is sometimes called the sampling universe.

Answer 224

The process of managing an organisation distinguishes itself with the unique meaning in the mind of its publics that is how it wants to be seen and known amongest Publix especially as distinguished from its competitors.

Answer 225

A method used to ensure that a survey sample includes representatives of each subset in the survey population in proportion to that group size in the universe.

Answer 226

Methods of gathering information that don't necessary follow the scientific method in are usually subjective and exploratory. Informal research can look at values or qualities it is good for pre-testing formal strategies findings cannot be projected to represent an entire population informal research may provide an early warning signal about emerging issues and is often used to inform scientific research.

Answer 227

Observable verbal responses or statements concerning issues or topics opinions are specific to the topic and time situational and focus rational cognitive and objective and changeable public opinion is often described as the composite opinion of all people who make up a public.

Answer 228

The extent to which a survey test or measuring procedure yields same results on repeated trials.

Answer 229

The determination and ranking of how likely certain emergencies or crisis are to happen risk assessment is related to the larger function of risk management it uses outcomes of risk assessments to plan and execute strategies to deal with such a risk.

Answer 230

A portion of a whole audience; a relatively small group of individuals selected to represent a population. If the sample is drawn randomly responses from the sample may be generalized to the entire population.

Answer 231

Information pulled together to define a situation for example HISTORY factors affecting the situation and people involved contains all information needed to write a problem statement

Answer 232

A person or group with an interest in an organization or cause someone affected by an organization or someone who can affect an organization the term sometimes refers to investors but includes others who are committed to or otherwise involved with an organization in the sense with other than financial.

Answer 233

The overall concept approach for general plan for a program designed to achieve objectives agent active can have multiple strategies general well thought out tactics flow from strategy.

Answer 234

This exact activities and methods used at the operational level to implement a strategy and Region objective by help teething objectives tactics and turn support goals that have been set to carry out the mission or purpose of the organization tactics tools involve use of selected personnel time cost and other organizational resources

Answer 235

Tracking and analyzing trends in news coverage online activity marketplace events and the environment to prepare and respond as changes occur part of environmental scanning.

Answer 236

Refers to the degree to which a research study accurately assess is what the researcher set out to evaluate researchers assess internal and external validity external validity refers to the extent to which recent results of the study can be transferred to other settings are groups internal validity assesses the study's methodology and alternate explanations for study results.

Answer 237

Like a financial still photograph the balance sheet shows assets liabilities and capital equity of a business on a specific date assets and liabilities are listed in order of their liquidity the balance sheet always balance is because assets must equal liabilities plus owners equity

Answer 238

Lincoln Financial video the income statement allows the profitability of a business over a specific time the business can choose the length of the reporting. For example month quarter or year the income statement shows the gross income revenues expenses and net income the statement includes both cash items such as cash sales and non cash items such as credit card sales and income the statement shows depreciation as an expense an income statement also is also known as a profit loss or P&L statement

Answer 239

A publicly traded corporation let's file statement of cash flow like a financial video this report shows how changes in the balance sheet accounts and income / specific reporting period affect cash and cash equivalents cash and cash out the report breaks the analysis down by operating investing and financial activities cash flow may be positive or negative for example selling stock generates cash and is a positive cash flow.

Answer 240

An organizational structure line management functions are often limited to product and profit producing functions that increase the bottom line such as engineering production and marketing.

Answer 241

Staff management functions provide advice and counsel to those in line management positions public relations and corporate legal counsel are common examples of staff management functions.

Answer 242

How's the company understand its strengths weaknesses opportunities and threats organizations use s.w.o.t analysis for business planning strategic planning competitor evaluation marketing business and product development and research reports

Answer 243

Gives planners a visual image of a problem by breaking down the problem into progressively smaller parts by examining elements that contribute to the problem information relating to the problem and questions raised by the problem Communication experts can identify the best solutions to respond to the many parts of a problem

Answer 244

Asus willpower and weaknesses lie and assume that five important forces affect the competition: supplier power, buyer power, competitive rivalry, threat of substitution, and threat of new entry.

Answer 245

Assess the quality and adequacy of the information used to develop the program strategy and tactics

Answer 246

Monitors the effort and progress unfolds

Answer 247

Documents the consequences of the program and provides feedback on the extent to which objectives and goals were achieved.

Answer 248

Groups of people ties together by some common element. Before starting to plan, public relations practitioners need to clearly define groups with which an organization needs to foster mutually beneficial relationships. Objectives need to say which public a public relations strategy is designed to reach.

Answer 249

Adopted in August 2000. Requires all publicly traded companies to disclose material information to all investors at the same time. Material information is any news that could influence a reasonable investor's decision to buy or sell stock. A company can't share material news with just a limited audience. The company must disclose information so everyone has access at the same time.

Answer 250

The interval between when a company registers a public offering of securities with the SEC and the time the SEC declares the registration effective. At that time, the company can offer securities for sale. During the quiet period, the company can't issue any information that might affect the stock price or be perceived as "front-running" the stock offering.

Answer 251

Any news that could influence a reasonable investor's decision to buy and sell stock.

Answer 252

A connection or association between entities. Relationship is the central organizing principle of public relations scholarship. Human relations are often described in terms of interactions, transactions, influence exchanges, or shared communication between individuals or groups.

Answer 253

Strategic and utilitarian. Rely on persuasion, often break down when disagreements arise between parties are involved

Answer 254

Based on emotional ties, proximity or geography. They rely on two-way dialogue and are likely to survive disputes. Communal relationships are considered stronger and more enduring than exchange relationships

Answer 255

Level of satisfaction, commitment, trust, mutual understanding, control mutually and benefits

Answer 256

Risk communication is the attempt to provide information that allows and individual stakeholders or an entire Community to make the best possible decisions during a crisis an emergency about their well-being communicate those decisions within nearly impossible time constraints and ultimately to accept the imperfect nature of choices at the situation evolves.

Answer 257

An extension of our sensitivity and understanding toward key audiences.

Answer 258

One in which an organization 's goal is to get what it wants without having to change the way it does business internally. This worldview focuses exclusively on the goals of the organization, and the culture is resistant to change, much like a closed system.

Answer 259

Incorporates the ideas of negotiation, conflict resolution, and compromise in an organization's operating procedures. The organization is not only self-oriented.

Answer 260

A proactive and systematic approach to 1. Predict problems 2. Anticipate threats 3. Minimize surprises 4. Resolve issues and 5. Prevent crisis

Answer 261

1. Economic performance 2. Social responsiveness 3. The ability to deliver valuable outcomes to stakeholders

Answer 262

Represents a future goal that outlines general priorities for where the organization is headed.

Answer 263

Conveys goals and organizational structure and strategy, legitimacy, values. Participation and ownership among employees, leadership responsibility to the community, ethical priorities and commitment to publics and stakeholders. This statement is more operational than a vision statement.

Answer 264

1. Identify and recruit appropriate representatives to participate in consensus building sessions. 2. Guide participants to establish the agenda and process. 3. Identify and analyze the problem with participants. 4. Evaluate possible solutions. 5. Direct the group through the decision-making process. 5. Obtain finalization and unanimous approval of the solution.

Answer 265

Information, time, power

Answer 266

The sum of what others say or think about you or your organization. Based on how you or your organization interacts with others and how you evaluate those actions.

Answer 267

1. Economic performance 2. Social responsiveness 3. The ability to deliver outcomes to stakeholders

Answer 268

Issue Tracking, organizational positioning, risk communication and credibility enhancement

Answer 269

Aggregate perceptions and interpretation of a company's past actions and future prospects. These reputations take shape from perceptions that stakeholders have about a company's results on seven key dimensions: Products, Innovation, Performance, Citizenship, workplace, leadership and governance

Answer 270

Refers to characteristics you or your organization present so that others may remember you. The goal of your actions is to influence how others may remember you.

Answer 271

A name, term, design, symbol or any other feature that identifies one seller's good or service as distinct from other sellers.

Answer 272

The legal term for brand

Answer 273

Pre-seedbed Era before 1900's; Public-Be-Damned; P.T. Barnum

Answer 274

Seedbed Era; 1900-1916; Public-Be-Informed; Ivy Lee

Answer 275

WWI (1917-1918); Booming Twenties(1919-1929); Roosevelt and WWII (1930-1945); Mutual Understanding; Edward Bernays and Arthur Page

Answer 276

Post-war boom (1946-1964); Period of Protest and Empowerment (1965-1985); Digital Age and Globalization (1986-Present); mutual adjustment; Arthur Page, Scott Cutlip and Center

Answer 277

Media messages indirectly affect human behavior. "Opinions leaders mediate message effects. Everyone in the audience can receive the message, but opinion leaders influence how individuals understand and respond to messages. Ex: I've seen lots of information online about hybrid cars. I won't by one until I talk to my father because he nows a lot about cars.

Answer 278

Media messages can have a direct cognitive effect but not necessarily a behavioral effect. Repeated news reports about an issue can make it important to readers by transforming an issue to the public agenda.

Answer 279

As a media - effects theory, framing involves the transfer of attributes describing a person, issue or topic from media to audience. For example: News stories describe a political candidate in a certain way. News consumers begin to use those attributes to describe the candidate.

Answer 280

Organizations are more likely to give information than to seek information. Information flow is generally one-way. Ex: The Army command information program is more likely to give information than to seek information.

Answer 281

Mass media shaped people's view of social reality. Secondhand experience through media content can distort what people think of the world. George Gerber found that people who watched lots of TV tended to be fearful of the world, suspicious of others and susceptible to social paranoid or conspiracy theories.

Answer 282

Everett Rogers' theory describes how people adopt new ideas. Personality traits influence how people approach new things. The theory proposes five personality catagories:innovators, early adopters, early majority and laggards. Five factors influence how soon people adopt a new idea:relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trainability, observability

Answer 283

People seek out communication media to satisfy specific needs. Audience members are actively involved in the communication process and make goal-oriented media choices. Ex: College students prefer to get news through social networks rather than through traditional mass news media.

Answer 284

When a person lacks information about other people's opinions, he/she thinks others will think and behave as he/she would. W. Phillips Davidson said people expect mass media messages to affect others more than themselves. That belief may lead the first persons to act in mistaken anticipation of the media effect. Ex: Though comments on our Twitter are baseless, we better respond to prevent a loss in sales/reputation.

Answer 285

Elisabeth Nolle-Neumann said people constantly monitor the opinion climate around them. They perceive the majority viewpoint. Those who disagree keep silent. They are afraid of social isolation if they buck the majority view. Ex: The bandwagon effect.

Answer 286

Context influences relationships. Publics are active or passive. People are more likely to seek information related to a decision they are making than to reinforce their attitudes. Those publics are active. Three elements are involved in the process: Problem recognition(awareness/interest) 2. Constraint recognition (what's required/what motivates a person to act) 3. Level of involvement (importance). Sony publics are active on several issues; others are active on only one. Passive publics usually aren't interested in the issue, or it isn't important to them.

Answer 287

Albert Bandera says people can learn by watching others. People adopt opinions and behaviors they see modeled and rewarded.

Answer 288

Perceived costs and rewards (efforts) of an action predict group behavior. Ex: We won't support changing the system because the effort and cost is too much.

Answer 289

People accept or reject messages to the extent that message content corresponds to each individual's attitudes and beliefs and influences his or her self-concept. Ex: I won't accept same-sex marriage because it goes against my idea of marriage.

Answer 290

Inconsistencies between attitudes and actions drive people to change what they think/believe. The goal is to achieve consistency between expressed opinions and actions. Ex: I've never liked people from that group; after working with them, I have changed my mind.

Answer 291

To understand or explain circumstances, events or phenomenon, communicators assign (attributes) cause to events. Internal attribution (personal factors) external attribution (situation factors) and attribution error (wrongly assigning cause) are important considerations with attribution theory.

Answer 292

Identification theory examines how communication helps people seek to identify with individuals groups or cause. The goal of identification is to overcome separateness. Identification occurs when individuals are made aware of the common ground they share with others

Answer 293

A person's attitude towards a behavior consists of a brief that a particular behavior leads to a certain outcome an evaluation outcome of that behavior. If the outcome seems beneficial to the individual, he or she may intend to or participate in a particular behavior. Included in a person's attitude toward a behavior is his/her concept of the subject norm. Central concepts include attitude, intent, and behavior. Knowing people's attitudes and intents helps predict their behavior.

Answer 294

William McGuire found that people are more likely to resist persuasive messages if those people have been exposed to counterarguments in advance. People are less likely to change opinions they have already formed and tested.

Answer 295

People use different strategies for processing messages or making decisions. These strategies are based on how important the topic is (motivation) or the individual's cognitive capacity (time to think/knowledge of the topic or general intelligence) People generally try to use little cognitive energy to make decisions. Three models: The Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion, The Heuristic-systematic model of cognitive processing, motivation determines processing model. Each model presents two roots to decision making

Answer 296

1. Internal communication is meant to acculture employees or to get them to understand and internalize the organization's culture 2. Internal communication serves as a way to inform employees of organizational developments, happenings and news 3. Internal communication is a way for the organization to listen to its employees concerns or questions

Answer 297

PR professionals must fulfill expectations and moral obligations at the level of society. Commitment to several society applies to both individual practitioner and professional collectively. Right conduct takes into account the welfare of larger society as the professionals helps clients to solve problems. Associations of professionals exercise collective power as moral agents for the betterment of society.

Answer 298

Enhanced when 1. It promotes the free, ethical competition of ideas. Information, and education in the marketplace of opinion 2. Reveals the sources and goals of participants in the debate 3. Enforces high standards of conduct

Answer 299

Gave the FCC the power to make and enforce programming policy for broadcasting and issue, renew, or deny licenses to individual station operators. The US Supreme Court ruled the right to free speech does not include the right to use the facilities of radio without a license. The US airways are owned by the public and are a scarce resource that needs protection.

Answer 300

Speech on the Internet is fully protected by the first ammendment. Overturned the Communications Decency Act of 1996. The Internet is considered a traditional public form of mass communication. PR can freely use the Internet to send unmediated messages to constituencies.

Answer 301

Requires public schools and libraries that receive federal money for Internet use to install "technology prevention measures," to filter info on computers for those 17 or younger to block obscene material that would be "harmful to minors "

Answer 302

Bipartisan effort in the U.S. Congress to promote full disclosure from the executive branch of government. It applies to the executive department, military department, government corporation, government controlled corporation or other establishment in the executive branch of the federal government or any regulatory agency. The act applies to records and tangible items of information such as documents- not intangible info like forcing agency employees to respond to questions. Added access to digital info (e.g. computer databses) held by government agencies subject to the FOIA.

Answer 303

1. Political elections 2. Lobbying 3. Labor organization and communication with management 4. Securities trading

Answer 304

Regulates political election contributions with three provisions 1. Soft money prohibitions -money donated to political parties for party - building purposes 2. Increases in cotribution limits 3. limits on "electioneering communications" -commercials that support or oppose a candidate without explicitly urging that candidate's election or defeat

Answer 305

A set of interacting units that endures through time within an established boundary by responding and adjusting to change pressures from the environment to achieve and maintain goal states

Answer 306

Consists of an organization and the people evolved with and effected by the organization and vice versa

Answer 307

A reciprocal process of exchanging signals to inform, persuade, or instruct, based on the shared meaning and conditioned by the communicators relationship and social context

Answer 308

Four steps: 1. Attracting attention to the communication 2. Achieving acceptance to the message 3. Having it interpreted as intended 4. Getting the message stored for later use.

Answer 309

Accepting change; yielding to the wishes or point of view of the sender.

Answer 310

Studies suggest the perceived status, reliabilty, and expertness of a source adds weight to messages and amplifies the value of information. Multiplying the three source characteristics by each other yields weight the source in the communication process

Answer 311

Determines the prominence and pentration the issue has with the audience, or how well it resonates with each public. People care the most about issues that are close to their own interests.

Answer 312

Describes the personal experience or connection someone has with an issue. Researchers thought that a person with little or no personal experience on an issue must rely on the media for information. Researchers found that previous exposure to an issue stimulates interest in that issue's media coverage, enhancing the agenda - setting effects.

Answer 313

Media not only tell us what to think about, but how to think about it and consequently what to think

Answer 314

Linked the concept of framing by suggesting that news media attention can influence how people think about a topic by selecting and placing emphasis on certain attributes ad ignoring others. Ex:if media emphasize the integrity of a political candidate in news stories, public perceptions of that candidate should also stress his or her integrity.

Answer 315

Innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards

Answer 316

Key components of gaining acceptance; tend to get information from media sources and then become themselves the source to others in their network. Some have influence on a particular issue and some have influence on a range of issues.

Answer 317

Indicates the evaluative quality of a predisposition telling us the "positive - negative - neutral, " "for-against-undecided," or "pro-con-it-depends evaluation of publics. It is a yes-no answer to a survey.

Answer 318

Reflects a dynamic process of interpersonal and media communication on issues among groups of people who have the capacity to act in similar ways. "Thinking together" often leads to "acting together "

Answer 319

A way to move latent publics to communicating active publics. 1. Problem recognition - the extent people are aware something is missing or amiss 2. Constraint recognition- the extent to which people see themselves limited by external factors 3. Level of involvement- represents the extent to which people see themselves being involved and affected by a situation.

Answer 320

All-issue - active on all issues/ Apathetic publics- inattentive and inactive on all issues/ Single-issue public - active on one or a limited number of issues /hot issue publics- active after media expose almost everyone and the issue becomes a topic of wide-spread social conversation

Answer 321

1. Evaluative frame of reference 2. Cognition -knowledge and beliefs 3. Affection - feelings 4. Conation-behavioral intentions

Answer 322

Refers to the relative value of an object found by making object-by-object comparisons on the basis of some attitude(s). Can vary depending on which attitude is used to make the comparison.

Answer 323

The feelings about an object derived from an individual's experiences and reinforcements from previous situations. Refers to what a person brings to a situation as a result of history.

Answer 324

1. Message exposure - intended audience are exposed to a message in various forms 2. Accurate dissemination of the message 3. Acceptance of the message 4. Attitude change 5. Change in overt behavior

Answer 325

The communication process is interactive. The communicator wants to inform/persuade and the recipient wants to be entertained, informed or alerted to opportunities that can fulfill and individual's needs

Answer 326

Awareness, Interest, evaluation, trial, adoption, reinforcement

Answer 327

Innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, laggards

Answer 328

Statements that explain and predict how things happen based on observation, experience and experimentation.

Answer 329

Describe, illustrate, or imagine, how things work

Answer 330

Clarity, credibility, content, context, continuity, capability. Channels

Answer 331

Artificial censorship, limitation of social contact, meager time available for paying attention. Distortion from compressing events into shorter messages. Difficulty in expressing a complicated idea into short messages, fear of facing facts perceived to threaten established routines

Answer 332

Organizations such as certain hospitals, public radio stations, most colleges and universities and charities that don't do business to make a profit for owners. Any surplus income derived from the business operation is used to expand the organization or support its mission. Nonprofit organizations often provide a public service.

Answer 333

Organizations such as credit unions, mutual insurance companies and farm cooperatives that may generate revenue surpluses but are not designed to earn money for owners or members. Surplus revenue is generally used to carry out operations. If fiscal reserves become large enough, however, some money may be refunded to member-owners.

Answer 334

Publicly traded corporations such as General Motors or privately owned companies such as Dell that do business to make money for shareholders or owners

Answer 335

Units create similar outputs. Ex: a brewer that produces beer under many different labels.

Answer 336

Control all parts of their supply chains. Ex: a newspaper publishing company could own forests, run logging operations to supply wood for making paper

Answer 337

A top-level leadership group sets organizational policy and direction. Facilities coordination across the enterprise, helps ensure decisions are consistent with organizational objectives and across all units. Organizational change is easier and avoids duplication of activities

Answer 338

Decisions are made in operating units across the organizations. This "horizontal" or "flat" approach promotes flexibility and market responsiveness. Creates a greater sense of,autonomy within operating units and broadens a sense of accountability and ownership. Can create organizational silos and hamper product uniformity.

Answer 339

Sherman/Clayton Act and Robinson Putnam Act make engaging in activity that ruins competition illegal. Overselling wording on news releases, announcing acquisitions and diversitures can be cited as violations.

Answer 340

Federal Lobbying Act (1913) requires lobbyists to register with the clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives or the secretary of Senate between the 1st and 10th day of each quarter. A lobbyist must report the amount of money he or she made during the previous quarter for lobbying activities. The lobbyist must name publications in which he or she has had an editorial published on behalf of the person or organization for which he or she is lobbying. The requirement does not apply to newspapers in the regular course of business. This act only applies to persons aiding in the passage or defeat of legislation, which public relations practitioners often do. Legal statutes vary from state to state.

Answer 341

According to the Financial Executives International and the National Investor Relationship Institute: an earnings press release should be issued as soon as practicable after a quarter-end. Public companies should file earnings press releases on Form 8K with the SEC. This release should include results for the period presented under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). It is the management's responsibility to prepare the earnings PR with a reasonably balanced perspective of operating performance.

Answer 342

Balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows

Answer 343

Things that a company owns that have value. They can be sold or used by the company to make products or provide services that can be sold. Assets can be physical property or non-tangible items like trademarks and patents.

Answer 344

Amounts of money a company owes to others. This can include all kinds of obligations

Answer 345

The money that would be left if a company sold all of its assets and paid off all of its liabilities. This leftover money belongs to shareholders.

Answer 346

Generally accepted accounting principles are a common set of accounting principles, standards and procedures companies use to compile their financial statements.

Answer 347

Show what a company owns and what it owes at a fixed point in time. Similar to a snapshot of the company's assets, liabilities and shareholders equity. Set up like a basic accounting equation (assets=liabilities +shareholders equity).

Answer 348

Show how much money a company made and spend over a period of time. Similar to a video.

Answer 349

Shows the exchange of money between a company and the outside world also over a period of time. Similar to a video.

Answer 350

Shows the changes in the interests of the company's shareholders over time.

Answer 351

Things that a company owns that have value. Thus typically means they can be either sold or used by the company to make products or provide services that can be sold. Assets include physical property such as plants, trucks, equipment and inventory. It also includes things that can't be touched but have value such as trademarks and patents.

Answer 352

The amounts of money that a company owes to others. This can include all kinds of obligations like money borrowed from a bank or rent owed fir use of a building.

Answer 353

The capital net worth. It's the money that would be left if a company sold all of its assets and paid of its liabilities. This leftover money belongs to shareholders.

Answer 354

Available for individuals and business debtors. It's purchase is to achieve fair distribution to creditors of the debtors available non-exempt property. Provides a fresh financial start for individuals but not all debt is wiped away.

Answer 355

Available for both business and consumer debtors. It's purpose is to rehabilitate a business as a going concern or reorganize an individual's finances through a court-approved reorganization plan. The proper term is "The company is seeking Chapter 11 protection."

Answer 356

A large publicly - held company that sells stock to raise capital. The stockholders are only at risk of losing the amount they invested in the company. A corporation can run forever since it's owners are the stockholders. Subject to double taxation. Profits earned by corporation are taxed along with stockholders share of the earnings.

Answer 357

Business structure similar to a partnership, but owners are not responsible for company's debt. Double taxation can be avoided.

Answer 358

An organizational structure that describes a company's decision to acquire capabilities that complement it's current core competencies. Ex: an auto manufacturer acquiring an SUV manufacturer.

Answer 359

The organizational structure that describes the degree to which a firm owns the upstream or downstream supply chain components

Answer 360

Part of the Security Act of 1933. Companies must register securities and embargo publicly traded materials during a specific time frame called "gag period." The gag period is in effect from the date a corporation officially registers it's intent to offer a security to 90 days after the registration statement becomes effective. Only direct selling of the stock by the corporation take place through a registration statement and prospectus, both must be viewed by the SEC. No comments or written statements on future sales or earnings projections, predictions, estimates can be given during this period.

Answer 361

A temporary period in which access often to retirement funds or investment funds is limited or denied. Normally a blackout is in place for about 60 days during which employees can't modify their retirement or investment plans because they are being restructured or altered. Notice must be given to employees in advance of a pending blackout. A blackout can also refer to a political party's restriction on advertising for a set amount of time begone an election.

Answer 362

Make it illegal to engage in an activity that ruins competition. Overselling wording in news releases, announcing acquisitions and diversitures can be cited as violations.

Answer 363

A marketing strategy using email or other mobile technology to send consumers information that they have in agreed in advance to receive. Permission is a key provision of the Can Spam Act 2003.

Answer 364

CSS; determines how a given element is presented on a Web page. CSS gives control over the appearance of a Web page to the page creator than to the browser designator or the viewer.

Answer 365

A group of items, each of which represents one post. You subscribe to the channel when subscribing to podcasts. Channel is used interchangeably with feed on many websites.

Answer 366

A program that counts and typically displays how many people have visited an HTML page. Many sites include a counter, either as a matter of interest or to show that the,site is popular.

Answer 367

Mass media (particularly television) shapes(cultivates) people's view of social reality Secondhand experience through media content can distort what people think of the world. George Gerbner, who began this line of thinking found that people who watched lots of TV tended to be fearful of the world, suspicious of others and susceptible to social paranoia or conspiracy theories.

Answer 368

Everett Rogers' theory describes how people adopt new products or ideas. Personality traits influence how people approach new things. The theory proposes five personality catagories: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards. Five factors influence how soon people adopt a new idea: relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trainability, observability

Answer 369

As a message-focused theory, framing describes how content elements (frames) prompt audience members to recall certain already established, shared and persistent stereotypes, metaphors or social qualities. These predispositions shape how audience members interpret messages and respond to narratives and events.

Answer 370

Represents a category of communication concepts that trace their roots to Aristotle. Rhetorical elements are ethos, logos and pathos. The rhetorical approach uses information about the communicator, the logic of the message to describe and predict how effective

Answer 371

In propaganda research Carl Hovland found a decreased tendency over time to reject the material presented by an untrustworthy source. People may initially reject a message because the source isn't credible. But after about six weeks, people may forget the source but remember---and begin to believe the message.

Answer 372

Often described as a subset of agenda-setting theory, agenda building describes how organizations can use "information subsidies" to news outlets to influence the media agenda. (Information subsidies include news releases, blog posts and interview opportunities with policy makers or advocates. The thinking behind agenda-building theory is that news coverage doesn't just reflect reality. News coverage is manufactured product that can be influenced. By working to boost media attention to a topic, organizations can get more public attention for their issues. Increased news coverage can make those topics important to people in key publics (transfer of issue salience from media agenda to public agenda).

Answer 373

A PR practitioner's knowledge and skills determine his/her role in an organization. Perception of competence depends on work context and the measurement method management uses. Competent practitioners balance concerns for what's effective with what's appropriate. They base judgments on social impressions of how actions and messages work to reach strategic goals.

Answer 374

James Grunig, Larissa Grunig and David Dozier first published this general theory of public relations in 1992. The theory "specifies" how public relations makes organizations more effective, how it is organized and managed when it contributes most to organizational effectiveness, the conditions in organizations and their environments that make organizations more effective, and how the monetary value of public relations can be determined." Excellence theory shaped lots of thinking about public relations in the late 20th century. The theory includes the four classic models of public relations: press agentry/publicity, public information, two-way asymmetrical and two-way symmetrical

Answer 375

Mary Ann Ferguson (1984) asserted that relationships between organizations and their key publics should be the focus of PR research. John Ledingham and Stephen Bruning's (1998) relational perspective positions PR as a "management function that uses communication strategically." The theory advocates long-standing engagement between organizations and publics with indicators of control mutuality, trust, satisfaction, commitment, exchange relationship and communal relationship measures used to evaluate relational dynamics.

Answer 376

describe or illustrate or imagine how things work

Answer 377

explain and predict how things happen

Answer 378

fuzzy language, misalignment of messages with culture and values, history of distrust, distractions, negative influencers, sources or spokespersons with no credibility, unreliable media, media with which people are not comfortable, captive audiences, gatekeepers

Answer 379

Communication is something people do. It has no life of its own. There is no magic about it except what people in the communication relationship put into it. There is no meaning in a message except what the people put into it. When one studies communication, one studies people relating to each other and into groups, organizations and societies.

Answer 380

Clarity, credibility, content, context, continuity, capability, channels

Answer 381

1. define your publics, including subsets or segments, 2. Identify your social relationship with each public 3. Understand the context and frames of reference of your relationships 4. Encode your messages effectively 5. Choose the proper medium to convey your messages

Answer 382

Decisions are made in operating units across organizations. The horizontal or flat approach promotes flexibility and market responsiveness, increases control over specific markets or products, creates a greater sense of autonomy within operating units and broadens a sense of accountability and ownership. Can create organizational silos that hinder interaction and cooperation between units, hamper efforts to maintain uniformity.

Answer 383

A person or group with an interest in an organization or cause, someone affected by an organization or someone who can affect an organization. Refers to investors but refers to investors and includes others who are committed to or otherwise involved with an organization in a sense other than financial.

Answer 384

Tracking and analyzing trends in news coverage, online activity, marketplace events and the overall environment to prepare and respond as changes occur. Part of environmental scanning.

Answer 385

The degree to which a research study accurately assesses what the researcher set out to evaluate. Researchers assess external and internal validity. External validity refers to the extent to which methodology and alternate explanations for study results.

Answer 386

Achieved when a business recognizes the strengths and specific needs/preferences of its diverse publics and employers and chooses strategies based on these strengths and perspectives

Answer 387

Differences among people within a group, stemming from variations in factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual preference, education, etc.

Answer 388

A brief situation as it is now. Should be written in the present tense. Typically answers: 1. What is the source of the concern 2. Where is it a problem 3. When is it a problem 4. Who does the problem involve or affect 5. How have those people been involved 6. Why is this situation a concern for the organization and its publics

Answer 389

The extent to which a survey, test or measuring procedure yields the same results on repeated trials.

Answer 390

Refers to the degree to which a research study accurately assesses what the researcher set out to evaluate.

Answer 391

Federal Corrupt Practices Act of 1925, Hatch Act of 1939, and the Taft - Hartley Act of 1947 govern labor relations management. These laws prevent organizations including labor unions, from contributing to any political campaign or candidate, and prohibit any candidate from accepting such contributions. Organizations and unions have formed political action committees (PACs) to get around these prohibitions. PACS are legal because employees or union members. not the organization itself, fund these expectations

Answer 392

Organization- Sons of Liberty, Committees of Correspondence, symbols- Liberty Tree; slogans- Taxation without Representation; staged events- Boston Tea Party

Answer 393

Staff member of the Committee on Public Information during WWI. Wrote Crystalizing Public Opinion, first book on public relations (published in 1923) and with his wife Doris Fleischman, coined the term public relations counsel. Taught first college course on public relations (at NY university) and was the first to call himself a public relations professional. Said good public relations recognizes the changes in an organization's social setting and advises clients or employers how the organization should change to establish a "common meeting ground" Among the first to advocate licensure for public relations counsel.

Answer 394

Staff member of the Committee on Public Information during World War I. Directed campaign to publicize the military draft among non-English-speaking men and helped to distribute information to Americans about U.S. war goals. Founded Carl Byoir and Associates one of the world's largest public relations agencies during the mid-20th century in 1930. Represented the Tourist Information Office for the Nazi German government during the 1930's. This connection led Congress to pass the Registration of Foreign Agents Act of 1938. That law requires public relations practitioners who represent a foreign government to register with the U.S. State Dept.

Answer 395

Chairman of the Committee on Public Information during World War I. Understood the power of publicity to mobilize the public. Started the "Four Minutemen" and created "spokespersons" from key interest groups such as lawyers, actors, journalists, teachers. Used persuasive tactics to dehumanize the enemy.

Answer 396

Director of the Office of War Information during WWII. Pioneered widespread use of radio, Hollywood and other mass media to publicize the war effort.

Answer 397

Founded the American Council on Public Relations which ultimately became PRSA through mergers with other public relations organizations

Answer 398

Long-time public relations adviser to Franklin D. Roosevelt. Recognized that mutually beneficial public relationships could be built only by coupling responsible performance with persuasive publicity

Answer 399

Created the "Declaration of Principles" in 1906. Among the principles: to supply news and ensure the company's work is done in the open, provide accurate information and not advertising and work with the media to respond promptly to requests for additional information. Issued first news release in 1906. Among the first to recognize that publicity needs to be supported by good works. Performance determines the publicity a client gets. Used testimonials. Advised clients to make full disclosure, tell the truth and convince management to do the same.

Answer 400

Created the first corporate public relations department

Answer 401

First president to exploit news media as a new and powerful tool of presidential leadership

Answer 402

Nation's first publicity agency, forerunner to today's PR agencies. Used tools of fact-finding, publicity and personal contact to saturate media with railroad propaganda.

Answer 403

1. Tell the truth 2. Prove it with action 3. Listen to the customer 4. Manage for tomorrow 5. Conduct public relations as if the whole company depends on it 6. Realize a company's true character is expressed by its people 7. Remain calm, patient and good-humored

Answer 404

Commitment to your employer often comes before other obligations

Answer 405

You should consider both the company's interests and the interests of publics that may be affected by the decision

Answer 406

Consider obligations to tell the truth in advancing the company's interests and in communicating to the public

Answer 407

Retain objectivity in counseling employers on a course of action that is in the company's best interest both today and into the future.

Answer 408

Fuzzy language, misalignment of messages, history of distrust, distractions, negative influencers, sources or spokespersons with no credibility, unreliable media, media with which people are not comfortable, captive audiences, gatekeepers

Answer 409

Design the message so that it gets the attention of the intended public. Employ signs, images and symbols that relate to experiences common to senders and receivers. Arouse personality needs in the receiver; appeal to the self-interest of receivers. Offer ways to meet those personality needs that are appropriate to the group situation the receiver is in at the time you want to that receiver to respond.

Answer 410

(1900-1916) Organizational Attitudes: Let the public be informed. Muckraking, social reform, unions. PR trends: Defensive publicity. Journalists hired as "interpreters" to get news out. Key PR figures: Ivy Ledbetter Lee- full disclosure and tell the truth; Theodore Roosevelt - Bully Pulpit

Answer 411

(1917-1918) Organizational Attitudes: Let the public be informed. The war to end all wars. PR Trends: Organized promotion. Promote patriotism. Use interest groups. Key PR figure: George Creel - The four minute men

Answer 412

Assemble crisis team, identify issue, gather information, crisis assessment, consider options, compose key messages, plan action, inform audiences

Answer 413

Pre-crisis, Acute crisis stage, Chronic crisis stage, Post-crisis stage

Answer 414

Serves as liaison/spokesperson between an organization and it's publics. Maintains two-way communication and removes barriers to communication channels open. Provides information needed to make decisions of mutual interest to both management and publics. Establishes discussion/meeting agendas, summarizes and restated views, calls for reactions, and helps diagnose and correct conditions interfering with communications relationships

Answer 415

Collaborates with other managers to define and solve problems. Assists other managers in applying step-by-step public relations solutions. Uses knowledge of an organization's policies, products, procedures and actions to create solutions

Answer 416

Anticipates analyzes, interprets public opinion, attitudes and issues that might affect, for better or worse the operations and plans of the organization. Provides counsel to management at all organizational levels on public ramifications of policy decisions, courses of action and communication

Answer 417

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