APSY2216 Midterm

Question 1

experimental research

Answer 1

manipulating conditions and studying effects

Question 2

correlational research

Answer 2

studying relationships among variables within a single group; frequently suggests the possibility of cause and effect

Question 3

causal-comparative research

Answer 3

comparing known groups that have had different experiences to determine possible causes or consequences of group membership

Question 4

survey research

Answer 4

describing the characteristics of a group by means of such instruments as interview questions, questionnaires, and tests

Question 5

ethnographic research

Answer 5

documenting or portraying the everyday experiences of people, using observation and interviews

Question 6

forms of qualitative research

Answer 6

ethnographic, case study, biography, phenomenology, grounded theory

Question 7

case study

Answer 7

a detailed analysis of one or a few individuals or a single entity such as a classroom, school, or university

Question 8

historical research

Answer 8

studying some aspect of the past

Question 9

teacher and action research

Answer 9

types of research by practitioners designed to help improve their practice

Question 10

evaluation research

Answer 10

aims to improve the object or program being evaluated, usually by strengthening its delivery, implementation, and outcomes

Question 11

general research type: descriptive

Answer 11

describe a given state of affairs

Question 12

general research type: associational

Answer 12

investigate relationships

Question 13

general research type: intervention

Answer 13

assess the effects of a treatment or method on outcomes

Question 14

research process

Answer 14

problem statement, exploratory question or hypothesis, definitions, lit review, sample of subjects, instrumentation, description of procedures to be followed, time schedule, description of intended data analyses

Question 15

simple random sample

Answer 15

all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected

Question 16

stratified random sample

Answer 16

certain characteristics are represented in the sample in the same proportion as they occur in the population

Question 17

cluster random sample

Answer 17

obtained by using groups as the sampling unit rather than individuals

Question 18

two-stage random sample

Answer 18

selects groups randomly and then chooses individuals randomly from these groups

Question 19

systematic sample

Answer 19

obtained by selecting every nth name in a population

Question 20

convenience sample

Answer 20

any group of individuals that is conveniently available to be studied

Question 21

purposive sample

Answer 21

individuals who have special qualifications of some sort or are deemed representative on the basis of prior evidence

Question 22

external validity

Answer 22

extent that the results of a study can be generalized from a sample to a population

Question 23

population generalizability

Answer 23

extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to the intended population

Question 24

ecological generalizability

Answer 24

extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to conditions or settings other than those that prevailed in a particular study

Question 25

transferability

Answer 25

generalizing in qualitative studies

Question 26

threats to internal validity: subject characteristics

Answer 26

The selection of people for a study may result in the individuals or groups differing from one another in unintended ways that are related to the variables being studied. Also called selection bias.

Question 27

threats to internal validity: mortality

Answer 27

The loss of subjects in a study due to attrition, withdrawal, or low participation rates may introduce bias and affect the outcome of a study.

Question 28

threats to internal validity: location

Answer 28

The particular locations in which data are collected, or in which an intervention is carried out, may create alternative explanations for results.

Question 29

threats to internal validity: instrumentation

Answer 29

The ways in which instruments are used may constitute an internal validity threat. Possible instrumentation threats include changes in the instrument and how it is scored, characteristics of the data collector, and/or bias on the part of the data collector.

Question 30

threats to internal validity: testing

Answer 30

The use of a pretest in intervention studies may create a "practice effect" that can affect the results of a study and/or how participants respond to an intervention.

Question 31

threats to internal validity: history

Answer 31

A history threat is when an unforeseen or unplanned event occurs during the course of a study.

Question 32

threats to internal validity: maturation

Answer 32

Change during an intervention may be due sometimes to factors associated with the passing of time rather than the intervention.

Question 33

threats to internal validity: subject attitude

Answer 33

The way subjects view a study and their participation in it can be considered a threat to internal validity; the positive impact of an intervention is known as the Hawthorne effect.

Question 34

threats to internal validity: regression

Answer 34

A regression threat is possible when change is studied in a group with extreme low or high performances as determined by a pretest. On average, the group will score closer to the mean on subsequent testing regardless of the treatment or intervention.

Question 35

threats to internal validity: implementation

Answer 35

The experimental group may be treated in unintended ways that give them an undue advantage affecting results.