APUSH 1-15 Flashcards
(259 cards)
1
Q
Popular term for pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833
A
Pet Banks
2
Q
requires a person to receive a majority of the electoral votes for vice president for that person to be elected vice president by the Electoral College.
A
12th Amendment
3
Q
abolished slavery in the United States.
A
13th Amendment
4
Q
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.
A
14th Amendment
5
Q
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
A
15th Amendment
6
Q
A national federation of trade unions that included only skilled workers, founded in 1886
A
AFL
7
Q
a set of four laws enacted in 1798 that applied restrictions to immigration and speech in the United States
A
Alien & sedition Acts
8
Q
American Colonization Society
A
Reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves.
9
Q
American system
A
national economic plan put forth by Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and the Whig party throughout the first half of the 19thcentury. The plan consisted of three major components: Pass high tariffs (taxes) on imports to protect American businesses and to increase revenues.
10
Q
Bank of the United States
A
A national bank charted for a term of 20 years. by Congress in 1791. The establishment of the Bank was part of a three part expansion of Federal monetary power. It was commissioned by Alexander Hamilton who was the first Secretary of the Treasury.
11
Q
Bank War
A
Battle between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank’s renewal in 1832. Jackson vetoed the Bank Bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers.
12
Q
Battle of New Orleans
A
Resounding victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence and fueling an outpouring of nationalism. Final battle of the War of 1812.
13
Q
Battle of Tippecanoe
A
Battle in which Native Americans united by Tecumseh and Prophet fought against General William Henry Harrison’s forces and lost. Americans on the frontier blamed Britain for initiating the rebellion (1811) Significance
14
Q
Bill of Rights
A
first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution
15
Q
Black Codes
A
laws passed by southern states after the Civil War denying ex-slaves the complete civil rights enjoyed by whites and intended to force blacks back to plantations and impoverished lifestyles.
16
Q
Chesapeake incident
A
Conflict between Britain and the United States that precipitated the 1807 embargo. The conflict developed when a British ship, in search of deserters, fired on the American Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia.
17
Q
Civil Rights Act
A
Federal law that banned racial discrimination in public facilities and strengthened the federal government’s power to fight segregation in schools.
18
Q
Clermont
A
First full-sized U.S. commercial steamboat; invented by Robert Fulton and tested in 1807.
19
Q
Commonwealth v. Hunt
A
the Massachusetts Supreme Court in 1842 ruled that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies in restraint of trade
20
Q
Compromise of 1850
A
five laws passed in September of 1850 that dealt with the issue of slavery and territorial expansion. In 1849 California requested permission to enter the Union as a free state, potentially upsetting the balance between the free and slave states in the U.S. Senate.
21
Q
Compromise of 1877
A
an informal, unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election; through it Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House on the understanding that he would remove the federal troops from South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana.
22
Q
Crittenden Compromise
A
A plan proposed by Senator John J. Crittenden for a constitutional amendment to protect slavery from federal interference in any state where it already existed and for the westward extension of the Missouri Compromise line to the California border. Total war.
23
Q
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
A
the Supreme Court ruled that the state of New Hampshire had violated the contract clause in its attempt to install a new board of trustees for Dartmouth College. This case also signaled the disestablishment of church and state in New Hampshire.
24
Q
Dawes Act
A
An act that broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to individual households.
25
Dred Scott Decision
extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory. Also declared that slaves, as property, were not citizens of the US.
26
Emancipation Proclaimation
Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling Border States.
27
Embargo Act
Enacted in response to British and French mistreatment of American merchants, the Act banned the export of all goods from the United States to any foreign port.
28
Erie Canal
A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825.
29
Farewell Address
A document by George Washington in 1796, when he retired from office. It wasn't given orally, but printed in newspapers. It did not concern foreign affairs; most of it was devoted to domestic problems.
30
Federalist Papers
a collection of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison explaining how the new government/constitution would work. Their purpose was to convince the New York state legislature to ratify the constitution, which it did.
31
Free Soil Party
a compromise between abolitionists and pro-slavery Americans. Its platform was that slavery should not be expanded into the growing US west. It became a popular party and even got ex-president Martin Van Buren on board with its principles.
32
Freedmen’s Bureau
Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support.
33
Freeport Doctrine
Stated that exclusion of slavery in a territory (where it was legal) could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property.
34
Fugitive Slave Act
a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves
35
Great Awakening
a period of religious revival promoted by religious leaders such as George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards.
36
Gibons v. Ogden
Supreme Court decision reinforcing the "commerce clause'' (the federal government's right to regulate interstate commerce) of the Constitution; Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against the State of New York's granting of steamboat monopolies.
37
Great Compromise
each state would be assigned a number of seats in proportion to its population.
38
Harpers Ferry
a small group of men attacked the small town of Harper's Ferry in Virginia. They were intent on seizing weapons to give to slaves to start a rebellion. The group gained control of the arms but were surrounded by General Lee's men.
39
Hartford Convention
The convention on December 14, 1814 was to oppose the war, which was hurting American industries and commerce.
40
Homestead Act
The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property.
41
Independent Treasury Act
government would hold its revenues rather than deposit them in banks, thus keeping the funds away from private corporations
42
Indian Wars
multiple conflicts between American settlers or the United States government and the native peoples of North America from the time of earliest colonial settlement until 1890.
43
Jay’s Treaty
The treaty was meant to prevent a war between the two nations by not allowing the US to trade with “hostile nations,” such as France.
44
judiciary act of 1789
Act that established a federal district court in each state and three circuit courts to hear appeals from the districts, with the Supreme Court having the final say
45
Judiciary Act of 1801
expanded federal jurisdiction, eliminated Supreme Court justices' circuit court duties, and created 16 federal circuit court judgeships.
46
Kansas Nebraska Act
Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, created two new territories, and allowed for popular sovereignty. It also produced a violent uprising known as “Bleeding Kansas
47
Kentucky and Virginia Resolves
political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799, in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional.
48
Knights of Labor
The second national labor organization, organized in 1869 as a secret society and opened for public membership in 1881. The Knights were known for their efforts to organize all workers, regardless of skill level, gender, or race.
49
Lecompton Constitution
Proposed Kansas constitution, whose ratification was unfairly rigged so as to guarantee slavery in the territory.
50
Liberty Party
Antislavery party that ran candidates in the 1840 and 1844 elections before merging with the Free Soil party.
51
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
A series of seven debates. The two argued the important issues of the day like popular sovereignty, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won these debates, but Lincoln's position in these debates helped him beat Douglas in the 1860 presidential election.
52
Louisiana Purchase
a land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million dollars.
53
Marbury v. Madison
a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision that established for the first time that federal courts had the power to overturn an act of Congress on the ground that it violated the U.S. Constitution.
54
McCulloch v. Maryland
This court case resulted in the decision that established the supremacy of the Constitution, the expansion of Congress' powers beyond those enumerated, and the inferior status of state laws in relation to federal laws.
55
Missouri Compromise
an agreement between Northern and Southern states about which western territories could be admitted into the Union as slave states
56
Monroe Doctrine
asserted the principle that the Western Hemisphere was closed to further European colonization. (1823)
57
Morrill Land Grant Act
Act of 1862 set aside federal lands to create colleges to “benefit the agricultural and mechanical arts.”
58
national bank act
United States federal law that established a system of national charters for banks.
59
New York Draft Riots
a series of violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination of discontent with new laws passed by Congress to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War.
60
Nullifictaion Crisis
a movement that campaigned against the Tariff of 1828.
61
Panic of 1819
Severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the effort of the Bank of the United States to curb over-speculation on western lands.
62
Panic of 1837
Economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and Andrew Jackson's efforts to curb over-speculation on western lands and transportation improvements.
63
Panic of 1857
Financial crash brought on by gold-fueled inflation, over-speculation, and excess grain production.
64
Peggy Eaton affair
A social scandal where many wealthy cabinet member's wives snubbed the socially unacceptable Peggy Eaton, wife of John Eaton
65
Philadelphia Convention
The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation.
66
Pinckney’s Treaty
Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans.
67
Plessy v. Ferguson
a United States Supreme Court case that established the precedent of “separate but equal” and provided the legal justification for the expansion of segregation in America.
68
Reconstruction Acts
it divided the South into five military districts, disenfranchised former confederates, and required that Southern states both ratify the Fourteenth Amendment
69
Report on Manufacturing
First secretary of the treasury Alexander Hamilton's 1791 analysis that accurately foretold the future of American industry and proposed tariffs and subsidies to promote it.
70
Report on Public Credit
This document suggested that America was too heavily dependent on Dutch and British loans and that it was important for America to achieve good credit.
71
Rush-Bagot Treaty
an agreement between the US and Great Britain concerning the Canadian border in 1817
72
Second Bank
national bank organized in 1816; closely modeled after the first Bank of the United States, it held federal tax receipts and regulated the amount of money circulating in the economy.
73
Second Great Awakening
a religious revival that took place after the American Revolution between 1790 and 1840 in an effort to restore a simpler form of Christianity.
74
Seneca Falls Convention
the first women's rights convention in the United States (July 1848)
75
Shay’s Rebellion
a series of uprisings that occurred in western Massachusetts from 1786 to 1787. Financial strain from government debt and economic decline occurred throughout the young United States at this time, leading citizens to rebel against the government
76
Sherman’s March to the Sea
the campaign of total war waged by General William Tecumseh Sherman following the capture and burning of Atlanta.
77
Specie Circular
in U.S. history, an executive order issued by President Andrew Jackson requiring that payment for the purchase of public lands be made exclusively in gold or silver.
78
Tariff of Abominations
a protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1828, designed to protect industry in the northern United States.
79
10% plan
proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation.
80
Tenure of Office At
a controversial federal law meant to restrict the ability of the U.S. president to remove certain officials that Congress had already approved.
81
Three-Fifths Compromise
It determined that three out of every five slaves was counted when determining a state's total population for legislative representation and taxation.
82
Trail of tears
During the fall and winter of 1838 and 1839, the Cherokees were forcibly moved west by the United States government. Approximately 4,000 Cherokees died on this forced march,
83
Transcontinental Railroad
A train route across the United States, finished in 1869
84
Transcontinental Treaty
the United States paid Spain $5 million for Florida, Spain recognized America's claims to the Oregon Country, and the United States surrendered its claim to northern Mexico (Texas
85
Treaty of Ghent
an agreement between the United States and Great Britain, in Belgium, on December 24, 1814. This treaty ended the War of 1812, and provided that all territory captured would be returned to the rightful owner
86
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
ended the war between the United States and Mexico. By its terms, Mexico ceded 55 percent of its territory, including the present-day states California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, most of Arizona and Colorado, and parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming.
87
Virginia Plan
called for a legislature divided into two bodies (the Senate and the House of Representatives) with proportional representation. That is, each state's representation in Congress would be based on its population.
88
New Jersey Plan
wanted one vote for each state, regardless of population.
89
Wade-Davis Bill
A bill proposed by Radical Republican senators Benjamin Wade and Henry Winter Davis that declared that the Reconstruction of the South was a legislative, not executive, matter. It was an attempt to weaken the power of president Lincoln.
90
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
resolved a number of border disputes between the US and the British North American colonies.
91
Webster-Hayne Debate
1830, an unplanned series of speeches in the Senate, during which Robert Hayne of South Carolina interpreted the Constitution as little more than a treaty between sovereign states, and Daniel Webster expressed the concept of the United States as one nation.
92
Whiskey rebellion
an uprising of Western Pennsylvania farmers that took place between 1791-1794 in response to Alexander Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey.
93
Wilmot Proviso
attached to an appropriations bill during the Mexican War. It stated that slavery would be banned in any territory won from Mexico as a result of the war.
94
Worcester v. Georgia
legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on March 3, 1832, held (5–1) that the states did not have the right to impose regulations on Native American land.
95
XYZ Affair
diplomatic incident between French and United States diplomats that resulted in a limited, undeclared war known as the Quasi-War
96
Checks and Balances
the principle of government under which separate branches are employed to prevent actions by the other branches and are induced to share power
97
Corporation
Business owned by many people.
98
Cotton Gin
A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793.
99
Elastic Clause
allows Congress to. make laws that are “necessary and. proper” to carry out its enumerated. powers
100
Equal Rep.
Selecting representitives in congress based on a states population
101
Proportional Rep.
a way of selecting representatives in Congress based on the total population of a state, as opposed to having each state receive equal votes in Congress.
102
Federal System
a system where political power is divided between a central (national) government and smaller government units called states or provinces.
103
Headright System
Law passed by England to encourage settlement in the new world by offering settlers fifty acres of land for every individual they brought to the new world.
104
Household Economy
household roles women were limited to tasks around the house whereas the men would work and make money
105
Implied Powers
Powers not specifically stated, but justified by the “necessary and. proper” clause.
106
Impressment
Arbitrary seizure of goods or individuals by a government or its agents for public services. Used by British to regain deserters from the Royal Navy to American vessels during 1790 to 1812.
107
Indentured Servant
Passage paid for poor young men and women to come to colonies; in return, they worked for the person who paid their passage for a set number of years, usually 5-7 years, after which they gained their freedom
108
Internal Improvements
building roads and canals
109
Interstate Commerce
United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices.
110
Jacksonian Democracy
The idea of spreading political power to the people and ensuring majority rule as well as supporting the "common man" Indian Removal Act
111
Market Revolution
a fundamental transformation of the United States economy throughout the first half of the 19thcentury, primarily due to the widespread mechanization of industry and the expansion and integration of various economic markets both domestic and foreign.
112
Market System
A system defined by private property, competition, profit motive, and voluntary exchange.
113
Mercantalism
the economic idea that a country's wealth is measured by the amount of gold it owns
114
Nullification
a movement that campaigned against the Tariff of 1828. Supporters of the Crisis, also known as “nullies,” stood by the belief that states had the right to nullify federal laws as written in the Constitution.
115
Proletariat
the laboring class
116
Protective Tariff
Tariff that increases the price of any imported goods that compete with American made products and thus protects American manufacturers from foreign competition in the markets. This was part of the American System.
117
Ratification
Formal approval, final consent to the effectiveness of a constitution, constitutional amendment, or treaty
118
Republican Government
a limited government, in which elected representatives make laws in the people's interest while respecting the constitutional rights of citizens.
119
Sectionalism
loyalty or support of a particular region or section of the nation, rather than the United States as a whole.
120
Separate Spheres
Middle-class ideal where home life was strictly separated from the workplace and womens roles were separate from mens, with women running the household and men earning money outside it.
121
Spoils System
Andrew Jackson placed his supporters into office, whether or not they had the qualifications for that office
122
States' Rights
political powers reserved for state
123
Strict and Loose Construction
:Constitution states that the government of the United States holds only those powers specifically granted to it by the Constitution
124
Triangular Trade
emerged as a result of mercantilism. In this international system, the Americas would send raw materials to Europe and Africa, Europe supplied Africa and America with finished goods, and Africa captured and transported slaves to the Americas.
125
Turnpike
the first transportation advances in America that helped expand their economy into the new level. Turnpikes were toll roads that were owned by localities, states, and private companies in order to make new roads be build and advance transportations.
126
Virtual Representation
The idea that the british parliament members virtually represented british colonists by speaking for all instead of just the district they were from. Sons of Liberty.
127
Waltham System
a system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell, Chicopee, and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. The women lived in company boarding houses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.
128
Boston Massacre
bloody confrontation between the angry colonists and the British troops stationed there. The Bostonians threw snowballs, stones, and sticks at the redcoats, whom did not find it amusing. The British soldiers shot into the mob and killed around 10 people.
129
Proclamation of 1763
a British-produced boundary marked in the Appalachian Mountains at the Eastern Continental Divide. Decreed on October 7, 1763, the Proclamation Line prohibited Anglo-American colonists from settling on lands acquired from the French following the French and Indian War.
130
Saratoga
Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York, which helped secure French support for the Revolutionary cause.
131
Abolitionism
the campaign to end slavery in the United States, before and during the Civil War.
132
Antebellum
the period of increasing sectionalism that led up to the American Civil War.
133
Bleeding Kansas
the period of repeated outbreaks of violent guerrilla warfare between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces following the creation of the new territory of Kansas in 1854
134
Bloody Shirt
the practice of politicians making reference to the blood of martyrs or heroes to criticize opponents.
135
Boston Tea Party
Rowdy protest against British East India Company's newly acquired monopoly on the tea trade
136
Civil Service Reform
Congress took action in the late 19th century to protect ethical politicians and create standards for political service
137
Conscription
The system for selecting individuals for conscription, or compulsory military service, first implemented during the Civil war.
138
Crop-Lien System
The system that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.
139
Cult of Domesticity
attempted to define gender roles in the nineteenth century by limiting women to a domestic sphere.
140
Great Awakeneing
period of religious revival promoted by religious leaders such as George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards.
141
Habeas Corpus
Petition requiring law enforcement officers to present detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of the arrest. Protects individuals from arbitrary state action.
142
Impeachment
to accuse a public official of misconduct in office
143
Lyceum
Public lecture hall that hosted speakers on topics ranging from science to moral philosophy
144
Manifest Destiny
the belief that America had the “God-given” right to expand from sea to shining sea.
145
Martial Law
The imposition of military rule above or in place of civil authority during times of war and emergency
146
Navigation Acts
acts of Parliament intended to promote the self-sufficiency of the British Empire by restricting colonial trade to England and decreasing dependence on foreign imported goods.
147
Pocket Veto
A legislative maneuver in federal lawmaking that allows the President to indirectly veto a bill by figuratively "carrying it in his pocket" until the deadline for signing it has passed.
148
Polygamy
The practice of marriage by a man to multiple wives.
149
Popular Sovereignty
Notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery
150
Romanticism
An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th Century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules
151
Secession
When a state attempts to secede from, or leave, the nation it was once a part of.
152
Sharecropping
An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop.
153
Temperance
the moderation or abstention in the use of alcohol
154
Transcendentalism
A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches.
155
Yorktown
the last major land battle in the Revolutionary War. It signified the end of the war because the American and French forces surrounded Yorktown and captured Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis and his 8,000 troops.
156
Young America Movement
the confident, manifest destiny spirit of the Americans in the 1840's and 50's.
157
Congressional Gag Rule
any of a series of congressional resolutions that tabled, without discussion, petitions regarding slavery; passed by the House of Representatives between 1836 and 1840 and repealed in 1844.
158
Ex Parte Milligan
Civil War-era case in which the Supreme Court rules that military tribunals could not be used to try civilians if civil courts were open.
159
Ex Parte Merryman
A supreme court case that Chief Justice Taney ruled that the suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional without an act of Congress
160
Maysville Road Veto
President Jackson vetoed a bill to grant federal aid for a road in Kentucky between Maysville and Lexington in 1830
161
NW Ordinance of 1787
established a government for the Northwest Territory, outlined the process for admitting a new state to the Union, and guaranteed that newly created states would be equal to the original thirteen states.
162
Actual Representation
in order to be taxed by Parliament, the Americans rightly should have actual legislators seated and voting in London.
163
An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution
Written by Charles A. Beard. Argues the making of the constitution was primarily for the financial benefit of the founding fathers
164
Civil Disobedience
Written by David Thoreau. Explores the idea of needing to prioritize one's conscience over the dictates of laws.
165
Common Sense
Thomas Paine wrote this. Independence from England and democratic republic.
166
Democracy in America
Writen by Alexis de Tocqueville
Government should be elected by citizens
167
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
Written by John C Callhoun. emphasized a state's right to reject federal laws within its borders and questioned the constitutionality of taxing imports without the explicit goal of raising revenue.
168
The Liberator
Written by Alex Kershaw. traces the remarkable battlefield journey of maverick U.S. Army officer Felix Sparks through the Allied liberation of Europe
169
Walden
Written by David Thoreau. to find the meaning of life through nature (read in Lang)
170
Abraham Lincoln
he promoted equal rights for African Americans in the famed Lincoln- Douglas debates, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation and set in motion the Civil War, but he was determined to preserve the Union, was assassinated by Booth in 1865. Antietam.
171
Aaron Burr
Jefferson's first term vice-president who began to plan conspiracies with a group of Federalist extremists. Killed Hamilton in a dual
172
Alex de Tocqueville
Frenchman who visited America in the 1830s. His original reason was to observe American prisons for the French gov, ended up observing American democracy in action (wrote Democracy in America based on his observations)
173
Alexander Hamilton
Founding Father, chief of staff to General Washington, promoter of the Constitution, founder of the nation's financial system, and the founder of the first American political party.
174
Andrew Jackson
The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans. As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
175
Andrew Johnson
presided over the Reconstruction era, and his policies failed to promote the rights of Freedmen. He was much disliked by Republicans.
176
Andrew Carnegie
. A Scottish-American industrialist who led the expansion of teh American steel industry. His article "The Gospel of Wealth" called for the rich to use their wealth to improve society and it started a wave of philanthropy.
177
Ann Lee
Founder of the Shakers who imported the Shaker ideology to American in 1774. While living in England, she had experienced a vision foretelling Jesus's second coming in America and urging her to go there
178
Barbary Pirates
The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean.
179
Boston Associates
an early group of Boston businessmen who dominated the textile, railroad, insurance and banking business in the 1800s. They built the first power loom. In 1814 in Waltham; Massachusetts; they opened a factory run by Lowell.
180
Brigham Young
an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the Western United States. Significance: He was the second president of the Latter Day Saints (Mormon) church and considered a prophet. He led the Mormons west and guided them in settling what is now known as Utah.
181
Carpetbaggers
was used by opponents of Reconstruction—the period from 1865 to 1877 when the Southern states that seceded were reorganized as part of the Union—to describe Northerners who moved to the South after the war, supposedly in an effort to get rich or acquire political power.
182
Charles Finney
"father of modern revivalism," he was a pioneer of cooperation among Protestant denominations. He believed that conversions were human creations instead of the divine works of God, and that people's destinies were in their own hands. His "Social Gospel" offered salvation to all.
183
Charles Sumner
American Politician and senator from Massachusetts. He was the leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts and among the leaders of the Radical Republicans.
184
Cyrus
Irish American farmer, inventor, businessman, marketer, and newspaper editor. He became famous as the inventor of the mechanical reaper in 1831. Lancaster Turnpike. the first long-distance stone and gravel road in the country.
185
McCormick
Daniel Shays
Shays was a radical veteran of the Revolution. He led a rebellion, fittingly named Shays Rebellion. He felt he was fighting against a tyranny.
186
Daniel Webster
Leading American statesman during the nation's Antebellum Period; his increasing nationalistic views led to him becoming one of the most influential leaders of the Whig Party of the Second Party System; led opposition against Andrew Jackson and the Democrats. Birth of the Whig Party.
187
David Wilmot
member of Congress best known for the "Wilmot Proviso" (1846). This was a plan to not allow slavery in any of the land annexed from Mexico after the Mexican-American War. It did not pass, but was considered the first event in a long slide towards the Civil War.
188
DeWitt Clinton
Early American politician and naturalist who served as a US Senator and was the sixth governor of New York. He was largely responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal.
189
Dorthea Dix
A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada.
190
Eli Whitney
American inventor who developed the cotton gin.
191
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the women's rights movement. She is best known for her Declaration of Sentiments given at Seneca Falls in 1848.
192
Essex Junto
a group of Federalist political leaders.
193
Federalists party
Political party in the United States of mostly Wealthy North-easterners that favored a strong centralized federal government, commerce-based economy, loose construction of constitution, national bank, GB sympaty.
194
Founding Fathers
the people who signed the declaration of independence and/or took part in the American revolution.
195
Francis Cabot Lowell
A former Boston importer who smuggled British textile factory designs back to America, and built the world's first factory capable of converting raw cotton into cloth by power machinery under one roof.
196
Franklin Pierce
a pro-southern northerner who supported the Compromise of 1850 and especially the Fugitive Slave Law.
197
Fredrick Douglas
African-American social reformer, orator, writer, and statesman who became leader of the abolitionist movement.
198
Genet Affair
a diplomatic incident that took place from 1793–94. It led to a defined policy of neutrality for the United States regarding its involvement in foreign affairs.
199
Harriet Beecher Stowe
an American abolitionist and author who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), depicting life for African-Americans under slavery
200
Henry Clay
Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives
201
Henry David Thoreau
American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.
202
Horace Mann
Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.
203
Jacksonian Democrats
The idea of spreading political power to the people and ensuring majority rule as well as supporting the "common man" Indian Removal Act.
204
James Birney
the abolitionist Liberty party's presidential candidate in 1840 and 1844. He received few votes.
205
James Buchanan
The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.
206
James Madison
a US Statesman and political theorist. He was the 4th President of the US from 1809-1817. He is credited with the name "Father of the Constitution" for being the primary auther of the US Constitution and the Bill of Rights. Wrote the Federalist Papers in 1788.
207
James Monroe
fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs
208
James Polk
a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party.
209
Jefferson Davis
President of the Southern Confederate States from 1860 to 1865 after their succession from the Union. During this time, Davis struggled to form a solid government for the states to be governed by.
210
John Adams
Second President of the United States, first Vice President, Founding Father. Had a tough presidency and established the Alien and Sedition Acts.
211
John Brown
An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory.
212
John C. Calhoun
Leading American politician, political theorist, and strong nationalist. He favored protective tariffs, states' rights, limited government, nullification, and free trade, and best known for his defense of slavery.
213
John Copley
A famous Revolutionary era painter
214
John Deere
American blacksmith that was responsible for inventing the steel plow.
215
John Marshall
A public official of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. He served as chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835.
216
John Quincy Adams
sixth President of the United States, who sought to modernize the American economy and promote education.
217
John Rockefeller
An American industrialist and philanthropist. Historical Significance: He was the founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust
218
John Tyler
a Virginian Whig who served as William Henry Harrison's Vice President until his death in 1841 in which he succeeded him and became President.
219
Joseph Smith
It was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism. Significance: He created the Mormon church and the Book of Mormon
220
KKK
A group that was organized after the Civil war to initiate white supremacy.
221
Know-Nothing Party
a former political party active in the 1850s in the NORTH which opposed immigration and Catholic influence
222
Lewis and Clark
They explored the vast territory west of the Mississippi River by the US, when they where commissioned by Jefferson.
223
Lewis Cass
War veteran, diplomat and U.S. senator, Cass ran as the Democratic candidate in the 1848 election, losing to Zachary Taylor. Father of popular sovereignty
224
L. Mott
A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848.
225
Martin Van Buren
Eighth president of the United States who was a key organizer of the Democratic Party, a dominant figure in the Second Party System, and a key figure in building the structure for Jacksonian Democracy.
226
Mormons
Religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order in the 1830s, officially known as the Church of Jesus Chris of Latter-Day Saints.
227
Nat Turner
Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion on August 21, 1831. Turner believed he was receiving signs from God. His rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America, and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery.
228
Nicholas Biddle
American financer who served as president of the Second Bank of the United States
229
Paxton Boys
a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks.
230
Plains Indians
The most widespread Indian groups in the West
231
Radical Republicans
Congressional group that wished to punish the South for its secession from the Union
232
Ralph Emerson
American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom
233
Republican Party
Political party founded in northern states in 1854 by anti-slavery activists, modernizers and ex-Whigs, the Republican Party quickly became the principal opposition to the dominant Democratic Party. It first came to power in 1860 with the election of Abraham Lincoln.
234
Robert Owen
Welsh social reformer and one of the formers of the utopian socialism movement.
235
Roger Taney
United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court; remembered for his ruling that slaves and their descendants have no rights as citizens.
236
Rutherford B. Hayes
19th President of the US who oversaw the end of Reconstruction, began the efforts that led to civil service reform, and attempted to reconcile the divisions left over from the Civil War and Reconstruction.
237
Samuel Slater
a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories
238
Scalawags
Derogatory term for pro-Union Southerners whom Southern Democrats accused of plundering the resources of the South in collusion with Republican governments after the Civil War.
239
Shakers
A deeply religious movement that had elements of socialism. The Shakers lived isolated in a community of shared property with separation of the sexes (no sexual relations!)
240
Stephen Douglas
An American politician from Illinois that designed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. He won the election for senator of Illinois after the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858.
241
Susan B. Anthony
Prominent American civil rights leader playing an important role in the 19th century to introduce women's suffrage rights
242
Tecumseh
A Shawnee leader, who fought against the United States expansion into the Midwest. He opposed any surrender of Native American land to whites
243
Thaddeus Stevens
Pennsylvania congressman who led the Radical Republican faction in the House of Representatives during and after the Civil War, advocating for abolition and later, the extension of civil rights to freed blacks
244
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the United States. He favored limited central government. He was chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; approved of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and promoted ideals of republicanism.
245
Ulysses Grant
an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.
246
War Hawks
western settlers who advocated war with Britain because they hoped to acquire Britain's northwest posts (and also Florida and even Canada) and because they felt the British were aiding the Indians and encouraging them to attack the Americans on the frontier.
247
Walt Whitman
American poet, essayist, and journalist. He was a humanist who was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism.
248
Whigs
An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements.
249
William Crawford
s Sec. of Treasury under James Monroe Presidency; and a canidate for Presidency in 1824 he represented the south in this election. John Quincy Adams. Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe.
250
William Garrison
radical abolitionist who favored immediate uncompensated emancipation of enslaved people. He published a newspaper known as The Liberator which became the mouthpiece for radical abolitionists in the north
251
William Henry Harrison
American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office.
252
William Sherman
served as a General in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861-65), for which he received recognition for his outstanding command of military strategy as well as criticism for the harshness of the "scorched earth" policies that he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate States
253
Winfield Scott
United States general who was a hero of the War of 1812 and who defeated Santa Anna in the Mexican War
254
Zachary Taylor
General that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States. Was a Whig. Sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but defeated. Died in 1850
255
James Oglethorpe
founded GA, the last British American colony established, as a haven for debtors as well as a buffer state to prevent any Indian or Spanish incursions from the South (FL)
256
Ben Franklin
Founding Father. Invented bifocals, the Franklin stove, the lightning rod, and the swivel chair. An early campaigner for American unity, he served as the first U.S. Ambassador to France (1776–1785). Signed both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.
257
John Peter Zenger
Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.
258
George Washington
First President. Served 1789–1797. A land surveyor from Virginia, he led colonial militia as an officer in the French and Indian War. Led the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War at battles such as Valley Forge and Yorktown. Later presided over the Continental Congress.
259
Thomas Paine
a passionate and persuasive writer who published the bestseller, Common Sense in 1776. Paine had the radical idea that the colonies should set up America as an independent, democratic, republic away from England.
