APUSH

Question 1

subsidy

Answer 1

monetary assistance usually paid to individuals or businesses by government to reduce the costs of purchases

Question 2

entrepreneur

Answer 2

someone who has an idea/product and assumes the risk of trying to sell that idea/product

Question 3

patent

Answer 3

exclusive rights to a product granted by the government to the inventor for a limited period of time

Question 4

capital

Answer 4

money

Question 5

standardization

Answer 5

making everything the same (like gauges of railroad track)

Question 6

trunk line

Answer 6

major railway line between large cities

Question 7

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Answer 7

one of the 1st businessmen to build trunk lines and standardize RR tracks (NY to Chicago)

Question 8

Bessemer Process

Answer 8

process by which blasted air through molten iron made stronger steel

Question 9

Andrew Carnegie

Answer 9

steel magnate whose steel company used vertical integration to control every phase of the steelmaking process; became major philanthropist after selling company

Question 10

philanthropist

Answer 10

someone who gives away their own money to charity

Question 11

J. P. Morgan

Answer 11

businessman who bought Carnegie Steel in 1900 for $400 million and formed US Steel

Question 12

US Steel

Answer 12

largest company in the world in 1900; 1st billion dollar company

Question 13

John D. Rockefeller

Answer 13

formed Standard Oil and utilized horizontal integration

Question 14

horizontal integration

Answer 14

process by which one company buys out all other companies within the same industry (example: Standard Oil buys up all other oil companies)

Question 15

vertical integration

Answer 15

process by which one company buys up all other companies RELATED to the production of the parent company’s product (example: Carnegie Steel buys up iron ore mining company, railway company, and steel distributors)

Question 16

Robber Barons

Answer 16

negative term used to describe rich capitalists who were supposedly “robbing” the common man by making millions off products they sold

Question 17

Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890)

Answer 17

Prohibited any “combination” or “conspiracy” that restrained trade or commerce; never enforced

Question 18

laissez faire (“let it be”)

Answer 18

idea that said business should NOT be regulated by govt, BUT instead by laws of supply and demand

Question 19

Social Darwinism

Answer 19

idea that said rich people were more “fit” of human species; poor people were “unfit”; said welfare would hurt human species by preserving the “unfit”

Question 20

“Gospel of Wealth”

Answer 20

idea that said God wanted rich to be rich; proof was that He gave them superior work ethic

Question 21

Samuel Morse

Answer 21

invented telegraph

Question 22

Alexander Graham Bell

Answer 22

invented telephone

Question 23

Thomas Edison

Answer 23

invented phonograph, light bulb, generator; set up research facility at Menlo Park, NJ

Question 24

George Westinghouse

Answer 24

invented air brake

Question 25

Scientific management/Taylorism

Answer 25

idea that to increase efficiency, large jobs were broken into small steps and workers did one thing ALL day

Question 26

National Labor Union, 1866

Answer 26

union that tried to unite all workers in USA and won 8 hour day for federal govt employees

Question 27

Knights of Labor, 1869

Answer 27

union led by Terence Powderley; desired socialist society (more radical); included African-Americans and women

Question 28

American Federation of Labor

Answer 28

union led by Samuel Gompers; concentrated on wages and working conditions (less radical); skilled, white, males

Question 29

Haymarket Riot

Answer 29

riot of radical workers in Chicago in 1886 that caused decline in Knights of Labor

Question 30

Lockouts

Answer 30

pressures workers into accepting management’s offer by locking workers out of job

Question 31

Blacklists

Answer 31

circulating names of pro-union people so they can’t be hired in industry

Question 32

Yellow-dog contracts

Answer 32

contract that said workers if workers wanted a job, they couldn’t join union

Question 33

Pinkerton Guards

Answer 33

private guards hired by management to break strikes by force

Question 34

Homestead Strike, 1892

Answer 34

strike of Pittsburgh steelworkers in 1892 broken by Pinkerton Guards hired by Andrew Carnegie

Question 35

Pullman Strike, 1894

Answer 35

strike by sleeping car workers broken because federal govt intervened on side of management

Question 36

Great Migration (1890-1930)

Answer 36

movement of African-Americans north between 1890 and 1930

Question 37

Political “machines”

Answer 37

tightly organized groups of politicians in cities that concentrated on getting party members elected and controlling city politics

Question 38

Boss Tweed

Answer 38

Democratic machine boss in New York City in late 19th century; stole tax money and was exposed by Thomas Nast

Question 39

Thomas Nast

Answer 39

political cartoonist of late 19th century

Question 40

Settlement houses

Answer 40

community houses run usually by young Protestant women that provided social services for poor immigrants in cities

Question 41

Jane Addams

Answer 41

ran Hull House (settlement house in Chicago)

Question 42

Social Gospel

Answer 42

Applying Christian principles to social problems (God wants you to help the poor)

Question 43

William Randolph Hearst

Answer 43

newspaper magnate who sensationalized stories to sell papers (practice yellow journalism)

Question 44

Joseph Pulitzer

Answer 44

newspaper magnate who practiced yellow journalism; major literary prize is named after him