APUSH AP exam Flashcards
period 1 : what was the Columbian exchange?
transfer of goods, diseases, ideas, and people from the Americas to Europe and
vice versa
period 1 : what were some maritime advancements?
astrolabe, caravel, Prince Henry the Navigator’s School of Navigation (Portuguese)
period 1 : where was Spanish colonization focused in?
Colonization was focused in South America, Caribbean, Mexico, FL, and SW region of N. America
period 1 : what was the Spanish colonization focused on doing?
Focus was on converting the natives to Christianity, specifically Catholicism
period 1 : what was the encomienda system?
Spanish would enslave natives in order to use them to mine minerals and to work plantation-based agriculture with the end goal to convert them
period 1 : list the groups of people in the social hierarchy and who they were
Peninsulares: plantation owners that own slaves
Creoles: small farm owners, owned land, few slaves
Mestizos / Mulattoes: landless whites, indentured servants
Native Americans / African Slaves: slaves
period 1 (bonus!) : what was the first established city in North America?
St. Augustine, FL
period 1 : what did french colonization focus on?
Focused on the Fur Trade and interactions with the Iroquois natives
period 1 : where did the french colonize?
Colonize along the St. Lawrence River (AKA Canada)
period 1 : what did joint-stock companies focus on during English colonization?
focused on making money in the colonies – initially looking for gold
period 1 : what was the Roanoke Colony?
founded by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1587, but was a failure due to the mysterious ending of the colony. Once Raleigh returned, everyone had disappeared.
period 1 : what was Jamestown?
King James I approved the founding of the colony, but once the crew arrived in May 1607, John Smith took over as the leader once the colony started to struggle during the winter.
period 1 : what were the struggles of English colonization?
horrible location, lack of clean water, problems with diseases spread by
mosquitoes, severe drought, and “lazy” colonists and unprepared for manual labor
period 1 : what was the english’s relationship with the Powhatan Confederacy?
Chief Powhatan wanted to consolidate his power and conquer neighboring tribes so he thought that the colonists of Jamestown could help him do it due to their resources: traded food for guns and knives.
Eventually, the relationship broke down because of the marriage between
Pocahontas and John Rolfe, the guy who started farming tobacco.
period 2 : what was the house of burgesses?
created in 1619 by the Virginia Company, who founded Jamestown, was one of the first forms of government in the British colonies. The governor, who was appointed by the
king, could veto the laws created by the House, but the House controlled the governors salary.
period 2 : what effect did tobacco have on Jamestown?
saved Jamestown from extinction – became a major export, but also a
traded good among natives. Therefore the colony grew in population size – mostly men.
period 2 : what was the Headright System (1617)?
stated that every new arrival paying their way could get 50 acres of
land. Although this in itself encouraged wealthier people to move to the colonies, it also allowed
the already established planters to get labor and land at once.
period 2 : what was indentured servitude?
wealthy planters would pay other peoples’ passage in return for several years. The planters would get “free” labor and land, and once the servants contract was met, they could receive their freedom to become independent farmers.
period 2 : what was the mayflower compact?
Document created while at sea on the way to Plymouth in order to create a basic legal system. If you do something “illegal” the colony has the right to punish/banish you.
period 2 (bonus!) : who was William Bradford?
William Bradford is a church minister and leader of the Pilgrims
period 2 : what did pilgrims/separatists want?
they wanted to separate completely from the Anglican church
period 2 : what did puritans/congregationalists want?
Wanted to purify the Anglican church in order to help the congregation to get to heaven
