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apush in 100 terms Flashcards

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1
Q

maize

A

a staple crop (corn) domesticated by Indigenous people in Mesoamerica, crucial to the development of early Native American societies

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2
Q

columbian exchange

A

the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, diseases, and technology between the Americas and the Old World following Columbian’s voyages

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3
Q

encomienda

A

a Spanish labor system that granted colonists authority over Indigenous people to extract labor and tribute, often resulting in severe exploitation

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4
Q

joint-stock company

A

a business structure used by English merchants to fund colonization through shared investments and profits, such as the Virginia Company

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5
Q

house of burgesses

A

the first elected legislative assembly in the American colonies, established in Virginia in 1619

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6
Q

mercantilism

A

an economic theory emphasizing government control of trade to increase national wealth, often through colonies supplying raw materials and markets

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7
Q

king philips war

A

a violent conflict between New England colonists and Native American tribes led by Metacom (called King Philip by the English)

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8
Q

pueblo revolt

A

a 1680 uprising of Pueblo indians in present-day New Mexico against Spanish colonizers, successfully driving them out for over a decade

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9
Q

chattel slavery

A

a system in which individuals are treated as property to be sold, bought, and inherited, central to plantation economies in the Americas

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10
Q

bacon’s rebellion

A

an uprising led by Nathaniel Bacon in colonial Virginia, driven by settlers’ frustration over the government’s refusal to defend frontier communities from Native American attacks and its close ties to wealthy planters

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11
Q

the first great awakening

A

a series of religious revivals in the 1730s-1740s emphasizing emotional piety and individual faith, challenging established churches

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12
Q

french & indian war

A

a conflict between Britain and France with various Native American tribes aligning with both sides. War was fought over land and power. Britain’s win expanded its territory but created massive debt, prompting new taxes on the American colonies and laying the groundwork for the Revolutionary War

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13
Q

pontiac’s rebellion

A

a Native American uprising led by Ottawa chief Pontiac against British rule after the French and Indian War. Natives were angry over British policies and land encroachment. It led to attacks on British forts and settlers, and in response, Britain issued the Proclamation of 1763, banning colonists from moving west of the Appalachians.

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14
Q

stamp act

A

a 1765 British law taxing printed materials in the colonies, sparking widespread protest and contributing to revolutionary sentiment

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15
Q

enlightenment

A

an 18th century intellectual movement advocating reason, science, and individual rights, influencing revolutionary thought in America

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16
Q

common sense

A

a 1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine urging American independence from Britain, widely read and highly influential

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17
Q

declaration of independence

A

a 1776 document declaring the American colonies’ separation from britain, authored primarily by Thomas Jefferson

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18
Q

republican motherhood

A

the idea that women should raise virtuos citizens, promoting education and civil responsibility among mothers in the republic

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19
Q

articles of confederation (1781-1789)

A

the first U.S. government framework, giving limited power to a central government and favoring state sovereignty

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20
Q

northwest ordinance

A

a 1787 law that organized the Northwest Territory and established procedures for admitting new states and banning slavery in the region

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21
Q

shays’ rebellion

A

a 1786-87 uprising of Massachusetts farmers protesting debt and taxes, revealing the weaknesses of the articles of Confederation

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22
Q

the federalist papers

A

a collection of essays by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay promoting ratification of the U.S. Constitution and explaining its principles

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23
Q

constitution

A

the foundational U.S. document (ratified in 1788) establishing the national government’s structure, powers, and limits

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24
Q

great compromise

A

an agreement at the Constitutional Convention creating a bicameral legislature: the Senate (equal representation) and House (by population)

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25
federalism
a political system where power is shared between a central government and individual states
26
separation of powers
a constitutional principle dividing government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent tyranny
27
bill of rights
the first ten amendments of the Constitution, guaranteeing individual freedoms such as speech, religion, and due process.
28
washington's farewell address
washington's final message as president. he warned against political parties, foreign alliances, and sectionalism, urging the U.S. to stay united and neutral in foreign affairs.
29
bank of the united states
a national bank proposed by Alexander Hamilton to stabilize the economy and manage government finances
30
federalists vs. democratic-republicans
the first political parties in the U.S.; Federalists favored strong central government, while Democratic-Republicans supported states' rights and agrarianism
31
alien & sedition acts
a series of 1798 laws passed under President John Adams that restricted speech critical of the government and made it harder for immigrants to become citizens, sparking major controversy over civil liberties
32
louisiana purchase
the 1803 acquisition of French territory west of the Mississippi river by the US, doubling the nation's size and opening land for westward expansion
33
1807 embargo act
a law passed under President Jefferson that banned American trade with all foreign nations, aiming to pressure Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars but ultimately hurting the U.S. economy
34
marbury v. madison
the 1803 Supreme Court case that established judicial review, giving the Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional
35
era of good feelings
a period during james Monroe's presidency marked by political unity and national pride following the War of 1812, though underlying tensions still existed
36
american system
henry clay's plan for national economic development, including a national bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements like roads and canals
37
missouri compromise
an 1820 agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, while banning slavery in the Louisiana territory north of the 36*30' line
38
monroe doctrine
a US foreign policy statement from 1823 declaring that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere in the Americas, asserting U.S. influence in the Western Hemisphere
39
market revolution
a major economic shift in the 19th century involving increased industrialization, improved transportation, and growth of a national economy
40
jacksonian democracy
the political movement during Andrew Jackson's presidency that expanded voting rights to most white men and emphasized the power of the "common man"
41
trail of tears
the forced removal of thousands of native americans, particularly the Cherokee, from their ancestral lands in the Southeast to territory west of the Mississippi River, resulting in great suffering and many deaths
42
nullification crisis
a confrontation in the 1830s between south carolina and the federal government over a tariff law, testing states' rights and federal authority
43
second great awakening
a religious revival movement in the early 1800s that encouraged personal salvation, emotional preaching, and social reforms like abolition and temperance
44
utopian communities
small experimental societies in the 1800s that aimed to create ideal, often religiously or socially driven communities, such as the Shakes and Oneida
45
seneca falls convention
the first women's rights convention, held in 1848 in New York, where activists including Elizabeth Cady Stanton demanded equal rights and suffrage for women
46
nat turner rebellion
a violent slave uprising in virginia in 1831 led by Nat Turner, which heightened Southern fears of slave revolts and led to harsher slave laws
47
manifest destiny
the belief that the US was destined to expand across the North American continent, used to justify westward expansion and displacement of Native people
48
mexican cession
the land acquired by the U.S. from Mexico after the Mexican-American War, including present-day California, Arizona, and other southwestern states
49
compromise of 1850
a set of laws aimed at resolving sectional tensions, including California as a free state and enacting a stricter Fugitive State Law
50
nativism
a political ideology favoring native-born Americans and opposing immigration, especially targeting Irish and German Catholics in the mid-1800s
51
uncle tom's cabin
a best-selling anti-slavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that exposed the horrors of slavery and fueled abolitionist support in the North
52
kansas-nebraska act
an 1854 law allowing settlers in Kansas and Nebraska to decide on slavery by popular sovereignty, effectively repealing the Missouri Compromise and leading to violent conflict
53
republican party
a political party founded in the 1850s in opposition to the expansion of slavery, eventually becoming the party of Abraham Lincoln
54
dred scott v. sandford
an 1857 Supreme Court decision stating that enslaved people were not citizens and Congress had no authority to ban slavery in U.S. territories; inflaming sectional tensions
55
election of 1860
the presidential election in which Abraham Lincoln won without any southern electoral votes, prompting Southern states to begin seceding from the Union
56
emancipation proclamation
an executive order issued by President Lincoln in 1863 that declared all slaves in Confederate-held territory free, shifting the Civil War's focus to ending slavery
57
homestead act
58
reconstruction amendments
the 13th (abolished slavery), 14th (granted citizenship and equal protection), and 15th (protected voting rights regardless of race) amendments, passed after the civil war to rebuild and redefine the US
59
freedmen's bureau
a federal agency established in 1865 to help formerly enslaved people and poor whites in the South with food, education, legal aid, and employment after the Civil War
60
plains war
a series of conflicts from the 1850s to the 1890s between the U.S. government and Native American tribes over land, leading to the forced relocation of many indigenous peoples
61
plessy v. ferguson
a 1896 supreme court case that upheld racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine, legitimizing Jim Crow laws for decades
62
jim crow
a system of racial segregation laws and customs in the South from the late 1800s to the mid 1900s that enforced discrimination against African Americans
63
gilded age
a period in U.S. history (roughly 1870s-1900) marked by rapid industrialization, economic growth, and political corruption, and stark wealth inequality
64
chinese exclusion act
an 1882 law that banned Chinese immigrants to the U.S. and denied citizenship to Chinese immigrants, reflecting growing anti-Asian sentiment
65
"cross of gold" speech
a famous 1896 speech by William Jennings Bryan advocating for bimetallism (using silver and gold as currency) and criticizing the gold standard for hurting working people
66
spanish-american war
a brief 1898 war between the US and Spain, resulting in U.S. control of former Spanish colonies like the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico
67
roosevelt corollary
an extension of the Monroe Doctrine stating that the U.S. had the right to intervene in Latin American countries to preserve stability and order
68
muckrackers
progressive-era journalists who exposed corruption, poverty, and social injustice through investigative reporting, such as Upton Sinclair and Ida Tarbell
69
naacp
the National Association foe the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to fight for African American civil rights through legal challenges and public advocacy
70
square deal
President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program focused on regulating corporations, protecting consumers, and conserving natural resources.
71
clayton antitrust
U.S. law that strengthened earlier antitrust laws (like the Sherman Act) by banning specific unfair business practices. It also protected labor unions by saying that strikes and boycotts weren’t illegal under antitrust laws.
72
nawsa
a women's rights group formed in 1890 to fight for women’s right to vote in the U.S. It combined two earlier groups and used state-by-state campaigns and peaceful lobbying to push for suffrage.
73
espionage & sedition acts
1917-1918 laws passed during WWI that restricted anti-war speech and criticism of the government, often used to suppress dissent
74
league of nations
an international organization proposed by Woodrow Wilson after WWI to promote peace and cooperation; the US never joined due to Senate opposition
75
treaty of versailles
the 1919 peace treaty that ended WWI, imposing harsh penalties on Germany and contributing to future global tensions
76
great migration
the movement of millions of african americans from the rural south to the northern cities between 1916 and 1970, seeking jobs and escaping racial discrimination
77
immigration quotas (1929 & 1924)
laws that limited immigration by nationality, heavily favoring Northern and Western Europeans and drastically reducing entry from other regions
78
harlem renaissance
a cultural movement in the 1920s centered in Harlem, New York, celebrating African American artistic, literary, and musical achievements
79
great depression
a severe global economic downturn during the 1930s marked by high unemployment, bank failures, and widespread poverty, beginning with the 1929 stock market crash
80
new deal
a series of programs and reforms launched by President Roosevelt in the 1930s to combat the Great Depression and restore economic stability
81
double v campaign
a WWII-era movement among arican americans calling for victory against fascism abroad and racial discrimination at home
82
japanese internment
the forced relocation and incarceration of around 120,00 japanese americans during WWII due to fears of espionage, authorized by Executive Order 9066
83
cold war
a decades-long political and ideological rivarly between the US and the Soviet Union after WWII, marked by nuclear arms buildup, espionage, and proxy wars
84
containment
a US foreign policy during the Cold War aimed at preventing the spread of communism, especially from the Soviet Union, through military, political, and economic strategies
85
berlin airlift
a 1948-1949 operation in which the US and its allies supplied West Berlin with food and fuel by air after the Soviet Union blocked access to the city
86
cuban-missile crisis
a 1962 Cold War confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union over the Soviet missiles in Cuba; it brought the world to the brink of nuclear war but it ended in a peaceful resolution
87
mccarthyism
a period of intense anti-communist suspicion in the 1950s, led by senator Joseph McCarthy, marked by accusations, blacklists, and violations of civil liberties
88
brown v. board of education
a 1954 supreme court decision that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Fergurson
89
civil rights movement
a mid 20th century movement to end racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans, using legal challenges, protests, and civil disobedience
90
opec oil embargo
a 1973 oil embargo by the OPEC in response to US support for Israel, causing energy shortages and economic disruption in the West
91
vietnam war
a prolonged conflict (1955-1975) in which the US supported South Vietnam in its fight against communist North Vietnam; it ended in U.S. withdrawal and North Vietnamese victory
92
great society
President Lyndon B. Johnson's set of domestic programs in the 1960s aimed at eliminating poverty and racial injustice, including Medicare, Medicaid, and civil rights laws
93
silent springs
a 1962 book by Rachel Carson that exposed the dangers of pesticides, particularly DDT, and sparked the modern environmental movement
94
civil rights act of 1964
landmark legislation that banned segregation and discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public places and employment
95
feminine mystique
a 1963 book by Betty Friedan that challenged traditional gender roles and is credited with sparking the second wave of feminism in the US
96
reaganomics
the economic policies of President Ronald Reagan, focused on tax cuts, reduced government spending, and supply-side economics
97
nafta
The North American Free Trade Agreement, signed in 1994, which created a free-trade zone between US, Canada, and Mexico to encourage economic cooperation
98
globalization
the increasing interconnectedness of the world through trade, technology, communication, and culture, prominent from the late 20th century onwards
99
patriot act
a 2001 law passed after 9/11 that expanded government surveillance powers to detect and prevent terrorism, raising concerns about civil liberties
100
war on terror
a global campaign launched by the US after 9/11 to eliminate terrorist threats, including wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
101
Iraq War
a 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq aimed at removing Saddam Hussein and eliminating supposed weapons of mass destruction; the war became a long, controversial conflict
102
Affordable Care Act (ACA)
also known as "Obamacare", a 2010 law aimed at expanding health insurance coverage, reducing healthcare costs, and protecting patients with preexisting conditions

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