APUSH Master Deck Flashcards

Question

What were the results of the Battles of Lexington and Concord?

Answer 1

After the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the British Army retreated to Boston. As a result of the battles, American militiamen swarmed to join the ragtag forces besieging General Gage’s army. The defeat of British regulars by informal militia provided a morale boost to the Americans.

Answer 2

On Sunday, September 9, 1739, 20 enslaved people got together near the Stono River to start a rebellion. They went into a store to get guns but in the process killed the gunshop owner and some of the workers who resisted. At their greatest, they numbered 100 freedmen. Once armed, they went to several plantations: - Freeing people from their enslavement - Killing enslavers who had been cruel - Sparing the ones who had been kind

Answer 3

The Great Awakening led to splits among American religious groups between the Old Lights and the New Lights. *Several Christian groups, including Presbyterians and Methodists, formed their own congregations.*

Answer 4

a) Factions divide a country so as to invite involvement from other countries that have their own agendas.

Answer 5

The Naturalization Act made new immigrants wait an extra 9 years before they were allowed to become a citizen. This had lengthened it from 5 years to 14 years. The Federalists passed it because most new citizens tended to vote with the Democratic-Republican Party.

Answer 6

b) Although it was supported by the conference members, the colonial governments rejected it.

Answer 7

Mercantilism is the idea that wealth cannot be created, it simply exists. So in order for the mother country to get rich, they have to take that wealth from other areas. Those other areas are referred to as “colonies”. The purpose of “colonies” is to enrich the mother country. This idea of Mercantilism was used as the justification for British Parliament passing unpopular laws such as the Navigation Acts.

Answer 8

c) Obtaining land would protect the agrarian culture.

Answer 9

As Historian Edward T. O’Donnell puts it, Virginia transformed “from a society with slaves to a Slave Society in the 1660s”. - By 1662, all enslaved mothers’ children were declared enslaved by the colonial government of Virginia. - By 1667, baptism could no longer free an enslaved person - By 1669, enslavers could legally kill an enslaved person since that person was their property It took the Chesapeake region, and Virginia in particular, almost 100 years to legally implement full chattel slavery as we commonly understand it today. 3,000 enslaved peoples in the Chesapeake region in 1680. It increased to 16,000 by 1700, and 210,000 people were enslaved by 1775.

Answer 10

c) State politicians fearful of a strong central government

Answer 11

How and why national, regional, and group cultures developed and changed as well as how culture has shaped government policy and the economy.

Answer 12

Fletcher v. Peck (1810) *In Fletcher, the Georgia state legislature had enacted a law that voided some land sales which a previous legislature had made and which were induced by corruption. The Marshall Court held that the Georgia legislature’s law which voided the land sales were a violation of the U.S. Constitution, even if the land sales had been made by a corrupt process.*

Answer 13

Pontiac’s Rebellion was an attack by a group of allied Native American tribes against British outposts who were protecting settlers who were flooding the area west of the Appalachian mountains. In response, the British issued the Proclamation of 1763, which banned colonization west of the Appalachian Mountains. The British did this to save on the military costs of having to protect settlers.

Answer 14

The Puritans sought to “purify” Christian religious practices and were a religious threat to the Church of England. As a result, a smaller group of these Puritans, known as Separatists, sought to leave the Church of England entirely, and thus migrated to North America and settled in the New England Colonies. English monarch Henry VIII founded the Church of England to divorce his wife, free from papal interference. As the religious embodiment of the King, any threat to the Church of England was a threat to the King himself, so he welcomed the idea of Puritan departure.

Answer 15

Despite Britain’s blockades, the Embargo Act (1807), and the Non-Intercourse Act (1809), New England merchants made substantial profits off of both sides in the Napoleonic Wars, and were reluctant to sever trading with Britain.

Answer 16

Spain (which controlled New Orleans at the time), agreed that Americans could transfer cargo at New Orleans, without paying taxes to the Spanish government. This change significantly increased transportation along the Mississippi River by Americans, which led to the growth of New Orleans as a large shipping port.

Answer 17

The Articles of Confederation were established during the Revolutionary War by the Continental Congress. Due to fears of concentrated power, the Articles intentionally established a weak central government.

Answer 18

In response to Pontiac’s Rebellion, the Proclamation of 1763 banned colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Answer 19

Definition: The Ordinance of 1784 divided the western territory into ten districts that could petition Congress for statehood when its population equaled the number of free inhabitants of the smallest existing state. The Ordinance of 1785 created a system for surveying and selling the western lands. Significance: The Ordinance of 1784 established these provisions to avoid creating second-class citizens in territories, which was how many Americans had felt as former colonists under the British The Ordinance of 1785 would serve to survey and mark off into rectangle townships the territory north of the Ohio River to be set aside for the U.S. to gain revenue from and to be sold to the people

Answer 20

To protest the British government’s actions in the Tea Act. The Sons of Liberty, disguised as Indians boarded the ship carrying the tea on December 16, 1773, and threw 1.7 million dollars worth of tea (in today’s US dollars) overboard.

Answer 21

Jefferson and his supporters had two main objections to Hamilton’s plan: - They were concerned that as the federal government gained power, the states would lose it. - They felt that it would benefit the rich and hurt poor farmers.

Answer 22

In 1686, King James II established the Dominion of New England, under the command of Edmund Andros. The Dominion of New England combined New York, New Jersey, and the New England colonies into one unit.

Answer 23

Pontiac led a rebellion that caused British officials to issue the law in an effort to stop further violence by protecting certain areas for the American Indians

Answer 24

Women in the American colonies had few legal rights; most women could not own property and could not vote. Some 50% of colonial women died in childbirth. *In the South especially, marriage was looked upon as a business transaction; a woman’s father was approached regarding marriage and the woman (often as young as age 14) was rarely consulted.*

Answer 25

The Hartford Convention was a meeting of New England Federalists opposed to the War of 1812, many of whom supported secession. Although a vote for secession failed, the Hartford Convention urged opposition to the War and amendment to the Constitution to stop the growth of Democratic-Republican power. *After the War and Jackson’s victory at the Battle of New Orleans, the Federalists were castigated as unpatriotic, and by 1820, the Federalists had disintegrated as a national political force.*

Answer 26

The labor-intensive cultivation of tobacco led to the growth of slavery in the Chesapeake colonies.

Answer 27

Throughout his first term, Madison had done his best to stay neutral in the decades-long conflict between France and Britain. Continued impressment by the British Navy, the blockade of the American coast, and the pressure of the War Hawks led to Madison’s request that Congress declare war. Ironically, after war was declared, Madison received word that the British had agreed to stop their blockade.

Answer 28

Definition: The body of the United States that governs the nation as a whole Significance: The original national government of the United States was established by the Articles of Confederation, which were adopted in 1777. This national government had many limitations, such as how Congress was the only central power – without any real executive in place – and how it did not have the power to regulate trade, draft troops, or levy taxes on the people

Answer 29

- Old Lights rejected the Great Awakening, preferring more staid and formalistic religious preaching, while the New Lights were more evangelical and embraced the principle of joy in one’s relationship with God. - The New Lights believed that man himself could talk directly to God, without the intervention of a priest or pastor.

Answer 30

As part of the Quaker ethos, William Penn insisted that women in the Pennsylvania colony be given equal rights with men.

Answer 31

The Second Continental Congress’ two factions: 1. One group, mainly from New England, advocated for immediate independence. 2. The other group, mainly from the Middle Colonies, sought to reconcile with the British: led by John Dickinson, this group convinced Congress to send the Olive Branch Petition.

Answer 32

As the children of Puritans increasingly displayed more concern with making money than with creating a god-fearing society, some Puritans established the Halfway Covenant, which allowed for a more limited church membership with minimal Puritan restrictions. *The establishment of the Halfway Covenant represented an end to the Puritans’ near-monopoly on religious worship in the New England colonies. In part, the decline of the Puritan churches paved the way for the Great Awakening.*

Answer 33

general search warrants designed to stop smuggling. They allowed British customs agents to search wherever they pleased and without having to pay for any damages. So if you were walking down the street, one of these British customs agents could go to you and search your belongings without your consent, damaging some of them, and it was 100% legal, so long as they showed that they have a Writ of Assistance. So it’s basically a vague warrant. James Otis argued that the writs violated natural law, and many Americans felt that Writs of Assistance infringed upon their rights as British subjects.

Answer 34

The Great Awakening was a religious revival that lasted from the 1720s to the 1740s. *Led by speakers such as George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards, preaching during the Great Awakening focused on an individual’s personal religious experience, and declared that all men were equal before God.*

Answer 35

Prevent further white settlement on American Indian lands

Answer 36

the factors behind the development of systems of economic exchange, particularly the role of technology, economic markets, and government.

Answer 37

Unicameral is a legislature with one chamber. The Articles of Confederation established a unicameral legislature.

Answer 38

In a joint-stock company, funds are contributed into a common pool by investors who share in the company’s profits and losses. Without joint-stock companies, English colonization would have been far more difficult. These joint-stock companies provided the money for the early colonization of North America by the English because the investors in the company were eager to discover gold, just like the Spanish had done in modern-day Mexico (Aztecs) and Peru (Inca).

Answer 39

d) Hamilton is a Federalist arguing that those against the Constitution risk the survival of the new nation.

Answer 40

Centered in New England, New York, and New Jersey, Federalists denounced the war as an attempt by the Democratic-Republicans to conquer Canada and Florida in an effort to increase the number of Democratic-Republican voters.

Answer 41

With their new majorities, the Federalists attempted to silence the Democratic-Republicans and passed: - the Alien Act - the Sedition Act - the Naturalization Act

Answer 42

c) Spain and Great Britain

Answer 43

The three acts were passed to increase revenue from and decrease costs of the North American colonies to the British government after the British amassed a large debt from the French and Indian War. The Sugar Act and the Stamp Act increased colonial taxes (revenues). The Quartering Act, which required colonists to house and feed British soldiers, decreased costs.

Answer 44

d) They were against a national bank, wanted stronger state governments, and encouraged debate.

Answer 45

The Sedition Act allowed for fines against newspaper editors who criticized the President or Congress.

Answer 46

Enlightenment *Instead of explaining human problems through religion, rationalism was a belief that all problems could be solved through deductive reasoning and scientific inquiry.*

Answer 47

How different social and political groups have influenced society and government in the United States as well as how political beliefs and institutions have changed over time.

Answer 48

b) slavery

Answer 49

John Jay had been sent to negotiate a treaty regarding the British policy of impressment, which was the practice of British sailors kidnapping American sailors whom the British claimed weren’t really American. When John Jay returned to the USA, his treaty said nothing about impressment. Instead, it was an agreement by the British to abandon their forts on the western frontier, which the British had already agreed to do at the end of the Revolutionary War. In addition, Washington’s willingness to negotiate with the British irritated pro-French Democratic-Republicans.

Answer 50

The French colonial efforts focused on the area around the St. Lawrence River, where they founded the colony of Quebec in 1608. French exploration was dominated by the fur trade.

Answer 51

Definition: Independent landowners Significance: The small freeholder was seen as the model individual that would have civic virtues and would perform actions in the nation’s best interests. The ideal of the small freeholder was basic to American political ideology

Answer 52

Why and how the various people who moved to and within the United States both adapted to and transformed their new social and physical environments

Answer 53

The Battle of Fallen Timbers After the battle, the Western Confederacy signed the Treaty of Greenville, whereby the Native Americans agreed to give up much of present-day Ohio to the United States, and opened the land for white settlement.

Answer 54

n response to being outnumbered by enslaved people 2 to 1, South Carolina’s colonial government passed the Security Act, which required all white men to carry firearms to church each Sunday.

Answer 55

Most Americans were outraged at the insult, and although popular support for war against Britain had been strong for a few months, now most Americans advocated for war against France. Although national sentiment, voiced in the expression “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute,” argued strongly for war against France, Adams did not ask Congress to declare war, concerned that the U.S. Army and Navy was still too weak to fight a European power.

Answer 56

All male members of the Puritan church had the right to elect the governor, the governor’s assistants, and a representative assembly.

Answer 57

American outrage at the Stamp Act proved a unifying force throughout the colonies. People started to forget the things that made them different and started to focus on issues that concerned all of the 13 colonies.

Answer 58

It made the price of British tea, plus tax, cheaper than Dutch tea. Tea was an important component of the British economy. After the American colonies began boycotting tea from Britain (instead using smuggled Dutch tea), the British East India Company suffered a financial crisis. Hoping to ease the crisis, the British government passed the Tea Act, which made the price of British tea, plus the tax, cheaper than Dutch tea.

Answer 59

The American Colonization Society suggested that the government purchase enslaved people and have them transported back to Africa. The country of Liberia, Africa was founded by the American Colonization Society. Although men such as Lincoln supported the idea, it never caught on and only 12,000 Black Americans returned to Africa.

Answer 60

American forces launched a three-prong attack into Canada. Poorly equipped and poorly led, American troops were defeated, achieving only one notable success by burning York (modern-day Toronto). --

Answer 61

Jefferson convinced Congress to pass the Embargo Act in 1807, which barred American ships from sailing to any non-American port. Jefferson hoped that Britain, cut off from American supplies, would cease violating American rights. Britain simply began importing more goods from South America and continued her impressment of Americans.

Answer 62

d) Three-Fifths Compromise

Answer 63

Under the Encomienda System, the Spanish government provided grants of land and Indians to individual Spaniards who were supposed to care for the Indians and convert them to Catholicism. The system resulted in virtual slavery for Native Americans, most of whom died from diseases and being overworked.

Answer 64

Disease wiped out 90% of the Native Americans from the heavily wooded New England area. So as English settlers spread inland, they would find large areas of cleared land that had been previously used for planting by the deceased Native Americans. So, in effect, all the English had to do was remove the weeds and plant their crops on the cleared land.

Answer 65

judicial *The Constitution provided that federal judges had lifetime tenure, and could only be removed from office by impeachment. Chief Justice John Marshall, a Federalist, would retain that office for 34 years.*

Answer 66

Hutchinson preached that she had received revelations from God, which ran contrary to Puritan teaching. Banned from Massachusetts in 1638, Hutchinson founded Portsmouth. A few years later, Hutchinson’s colony of Portsmouth and Roger Williams’s colony of Providence were united under Williams’s control and named Rhode Island. Rhode Island’s full name, which it bears to this day, is Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, the longest name of any state.

Answer 67

Shays and his followers shut down the county courts to prevent land seizures and imprisonment for debt. Debts were required to be repaid in hard currency, which was scarce. Shays’ Rebellion was a response to the economic depression and high taxes resulting from Revolutionary War debt, and highlighted the weakness of the government established by the Articles of Confederation.

Answer 68

Spain. Founded in 1565, close to the location where Ponce de León first discovered Florida as he sought the Fountain of Youth, St. Augustine was the oldest continually occupied city in North America.

Answer 69

The Sugar Act increased taxes on luxuries such as sugar. It also provided for stronger enforcement of the Navigation Acts; any smugglers caught would be tried by an admiralty court, without a jury.

Answer 70

The Federalists promised the passage of a Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights, suggested by Thomas Jefferson, established limits to the power of the federal government, and guaranteed unto the people certain rights. By 1790, all 13 states had ratified the Constitution.

Answer 71

The Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act were jointly termed the Intolerable Acts by disgruntled colonists.

Answer 72

Constantinople served as the trade gateway between Europe and Asia. Following its conquest by the Turks in 1453, Europeans had to find alternative trade routes to gain access to Asian goods, promoting exploration.

Answer 73

Definition: Written documents that laid out the structure and authorities the different parts of the state governments possessed Significance: During the revolution the colonies began to draft their own state constitutions for their state governments. One of the main parts of the constitutions was that they were written down to avoid the vagueness and corruption of unwritten constitutions. The other major point was that they would have strong legislatures in order to avoid a powerful executive, like the one that the English monarchy had

Answer 74

The War Hawks were Congressmen who favored war with Great Britain. Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, most War Hawks came from the new states of the American West, such as Tennessee and Kentucky. *The War Hawks contended that war with Britain was a matter of national honor, and the only way to ensure freedom of the seas and to stop British aid to Indian tribes of the West. They also argued that in the event of war, Canada could be taken by the United States.*

Answer 75

Jefferson felt that a strong central government would be detrimental to the rights of the states. Jefferson argued that Congress’ powers were specifically limited to those which were enumerated in the Constitution.

Answer 76

- placed five associate justices and one Chief Justice on the Supreme Court - established 13 District Courts – one for each state - organized three Courts of Appeals as a layer between the District and Supreme Courts

Answer 77

As the first Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton made three proposals: - A National Bank - The federal government would pay the debts of states from the Revolutionary War using the national bank - A high tariff on imported goods, to protect the newly created factories in the North from British competition

Answer 78

The Convention adopted the Connecticut Plan, otherwise known as the Great Compromise. The Connecticut Plan established a bicameral legislature in which the number of legislators in the House of Representatives was determined by population, while each state had an equal number of legislators in the Senate.

Answer 79

Townshend Acts

Answer 80

Although Jefferson set out specific grievances (for example, that the King had “dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness of his invasions on the rights of the people”), he also established the right of the people to declare independence when their government violates the people’s natural rights.

Answer 81

Concerned that goods from newly peaceful Britain would flood the U.S. market, Congress passed a high tariff in 1816 to protect American manufacturers. Although passed by Democratic-Republicans, the Tariff of 1816 was similar to one proposed by Hamilton during George Washington’s adminstration.

Answer 82

In the triangular trade system, rum was shipped from a North American port to Africa, where it was traded for slaves. The slaves were then carried to British colonies in the Caribbean in what was known as the Middle Passage. In the Caribbean, the slaves were traded for sugar cane, which was in turn carried to North America to be made into rum.

Answer 83

Britain; France Passed at the beginning of Madison’s first term, the Non-Intercourse Act was Madison’s attempt to ease the economic hardship caused by the Embargo Act, while still maintaining U.S. neutrality in the war between France and Britain. However, the American economy continued to suffer.

Answer 84

c) They saw it as important to prevent Great Britain’s interference in the event.

Answer 85

The North American colonies relied heavily on Great Britain for: a market for their raw materials defense from the French and Spanish empires The defeat of the French in the French and Indian War (and the decline of Spanish power) lessened colonial reliance on the British government.

Answer 86

France disappeared as an imperial power from North America.

Answer 87

The only court mentioned in the Constitution was the Supreme Court. As such, the Judiciary Act of 1789 did the following: - placed five associate justices and one Chief Justice on the Supreme Court - established 13 District Courts – one for each state - organized three Courts of Appeals as a layer between the District and Supreme Courts

Answer 88

Profoundly angered by the Boston Tea Party, the British government passed the Coercive Acts in 1774 to punish the colonies, specifically Massachusetts.

Answer 89

George Washington As a Virginian, Washington’s appointment signaled colonial unity. Washington was also one of the few colonial soldiers with extensive military experience.

Answer 90

Although the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening are two ideologically different events, one espousing rationalism while the other embracing religion, **they both questioned authority.** *This was because enlightenment philosophers like John Locke claimed that a government’s power comes from the people, not a King, and not from God. Meanwhile, religious leaders like Jonathan Edwards claimed that we were all sinners in the hands of an angry God. To Edwards, and other people who were swept up during the Great Awakening, even the King was a sinner, capable of doing sinful things, since we were all equal in God’s eyes.*

Answer 91

They viewed the Dominion negatively because it stripped them of their participation in the local colonial government. They also hated the effects of the Navigation Acts, which this Dominion was trying to enforce.

Answer 92

90 percent. *Approximately 90% of the 13 colonies’ population was rural with people living on small farms. In the North, poor soil conditions for growing crops meant that most farmers lived in poverty. In the South, many poorer farms owned no slaves, but larger plantations used enslaved peoples to farm cash crops, such as tobacco, rice, and indigo.*

Answer 93

The state legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky passed laws that stated that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated the Constitution.

Answer 94

c) Creation of political factions

Answer 95

The Marshall Court issued decisions that established the superiority of the federal government over the states.

Answer 96

The Alien Act gave the President the power to deport foreigners he deemed dangerous, and to detain foreigners in times of war. The Act was fiercely opposed by the Democratic-Republicans, who saw in it a dangerous expansion of federal power.

Answer 97

d) Although never using the word “slavery,” the document protected several aspects of the institution.

Answer 98

Thomas Paine Paine‘s Common Sense sold hundreds of thousands of copies and persuaded many Americans to favor independence.

Answer 99

Washington was concerned that the United States was too weak to become entangled in European affairs; and in 1793 he declared that the United States would stay strictly neutral. As such, the United States would support neither Britain nor France.

Answer 100

The Spanish also colonized Texas, New Mexico, Florida, and California. These states are all found in the southern part of the United States.

Answer 101

The role of geography and both the natural and human-made environments in the social and political developments in what would become the United States.

Answer 102

King Philip Philip was a chief of the Wampanoag tribe, and his attack on the rapidly expanding New England settlements marked the last large-scale Indian resistance to colonization in New England.

Answer 103

Jamestown’s problems included: - Disease: the colony was built in a low-lying, marshy area. - Food shortages: many settlers wanted to search for gold instead of growing crops or hunting. - Labor shortages: many former merchant settlers were unused to physical labor. Under John Smith’s policy of “no work, no food” Jamestown’s conditions improved for a while, but then deteriorated during the “starving time.”

Answer 104

Judicial review is a principle, established in Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, (1803) that holds that the Supreme Court has the power to review acts of Congress and the President to determine whether they are allowed under the Constitution.

Answer 105

The Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 were the two key legislation passed under the Articles of Confederation.

Answer 106

Support for the French Revolution was strong in the United States, although there was concern about the intense violence and mob attacks which accompanied it. Thomas Jefferson and his allies proved to be the French Revolution’s strongest supporters.

Answer 107

Greek Revival American architects began featuring Greek columns, porticos, and marble in a style known as Greek Revival. The White House, with its Greek columns and porticoed entrance, is an example of Greek Revival architecture and was constructed during the Presidency of John Adams.

Answer 108

Definition: Also known as the 1787 Ordinance, this law abandoned the ten districts established in 1784 and created a single Northwest Territory out of the lands north of the Ohio that could be divided into between three and five territories Significance: This law was passed to settle the criticism that Congress had received for selling some of the land of the territory to the Ohio and Scioto Companies before making it available to land speculators. The law also specified a population of 60,000 as a minimum for statehood, guaranteed freedom of religion, right to trial by jury, and prohibited slavery in the territory

Answer 109

b) Washington supported using credit only in times of war.

Answer 110

Like the British, French naval ships were impressing American sailors and searching American ships. President Adams sent American diplomats to negotiate with France. Three French ministers, whose names were never revealed and were known only as X, Y, and Z, requested bribes before the negotiations could begin. Insulted, the American diplomats returned home.

Answer 111

Definition: The idea that the goverment is a republic, which means that all power comes from the people and not from a supreme authority Significance: Americans believed that their new government should be a republic so that they could avoid the type of tyrannical government that they were trying to become independent from

Answer 112

The Federalists thought that a strong central government was essential to the survival of the United States. On the other hand, the Anti-Federalists believed that a strong federal government would impinge upon the rights of the states and the people.

Answer 113

The colonies were given local autonomy primarily because the distance between North America and Great Britain made communications slow and direct control nearly impossible. Further, local representative institutions could raise funds through taxes for local needs, reducing the cost of governing the colonies.

Answer 114

The Electoral College Created by the founding fathers, the Electoral College was intended to be undemocratic since the founders distrusted the people. The Electoral College is currently made up of 538 people. Each state (including Washington D.C. as its own state) gets the number of electors equal to their representation in Congress. So, for example, Texas has 38 electoral votes as of the 2020 election cycle. This is because Texas has two senators and 36 representatives.

Answer 115

The Convention gave the President the power to: Engage in foreign policy as the nation’s representative Have a four-year term limit (but could be re-elected to multiple terms) Veto legislation passed by Congress

Answer 116

Hamilton’s plan called for tariffs. These tariffs would make products produced in British factories more expensive when those products were sold in the United States, which greatly benefitted American factory owners and businesses.

Answer 117

To respond to the Olive Branch Petition. As a result of the Act, the British refused to trade with the 13 colonies whom they said were in open rebellion.

Answer 118

The Middle Passage was the journey of slaves from Africa to the Caribbean or North American plantations as part of triangular trade. Slaves were chained together for weeks at a time, poorly fed, and mortality was high.

Answer 119

Passed by Virginia’s House of Burgesses (Virginia’s Colonial Government), the British government had no right to tax the people without their consent.

Answer 120

To revise the Articles of Confederation. The Constitutional Convention’s initial purpose was to revise the Articles of Confederation. A group of strong nationalists, including James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, convinced the Convention to draft an entirely new governing document. George Washington presided over the meeting since he was widely respected throughout the 13 colonies.

Answer 121

- Women and Blacks were completely barred from voting. - White males were restricted from voting unless they owned property. - Almost all candidates for public office came from the upper levels of society. - Power was restricted to a privileged few. | Despite these restrictions, life in the American colonies was more democ

Answer 122

Definition: A battle between 4,000 U.S. troops under General Anthony Wayne and Native Americans in the Ohio Valley in 1794. The Indians were defeated Significance: Upset by the American takeover of the territories that they had claimed for themselves, many Native American tribes began to act violently against Americans and refused to negotiate treaties with them Negotiations did not resume until after the Indians were defeated in this battle

Answer 123

a secret society opposed to the Stamp Act The Sons of Liberty regularly intimidated and tarred and feathered British tax agents, as well as destroying private property and property that belonged to the British government. As the Revolutionary War approached, it served as a shadow government dedicated to independence.

Answer 124

Virginia and Maryland Virginia and Maryland were among the 2 most highly populated colonies out of the original 13.

Answer 125

The Renaissance (meaning rebirth) was a rediscovery of the works of the ancient Greeks and ancient Romans that were 1,500 years old. The main reason these texts survived so long for Europeans to discover was that Arabic peoples had translated them from Greek, and so Europeans translated many of these ancient texts from Arabic.

Answer 126

The Dutch placed their colonies along the Hudson River (named for Dutch explorer Henry Hudson, who discovered it). The primary Dutch colony was New Amsterdam, modern-day New York, and Albany, farther up the Hudson. The English would later conquer this land from the Dutch, renaming the colony New York.

Answer 127

Colonial militia The Minutemen was a nickname given to the colonial militia, who were trained to respond at a moment’s notice. Also a pretty good punk band from the early 80s.

Answer 128

c) Spanish control of navigation and trade along interior rivers

Answer 129

With overseas markets closed, a massive depression followed the Embargo Act, especially in New England, where the economy was heavily dependent on shipping and trade.

Answer 130

Hamilton, who favored a strong central government, felt that the Constitution’s “necessary and proper” clause endowed Congress with the power to do whatever was necessary to carry out its enumerated powers.

Answer 131

Both Protestants and Catholics viewed religious conversion of Indians as a primary justification for exploration and conquest; each group sought to convert the Indians to their version of Christianity.

Answer 132

The Annapolis Convention was held in 1786. Twelve delegates from five states met to discuss barriers to trade and commerce that existed due to the Articles of Confederation. The Convention concluded with a call for an additional convention to be held in Philadelphia to discuss revising the Articles.

Answer 133

The Zenger trial is historical evidence that ideas regarding freedom of the press were present in the USA, even before it officially became a country. *John Peter Zenger was a newspaper publisher who printed statements critical of New York’s governor in 1734. Libel law provided that one who published critical statements could be jailed, regardless of whether the statements were true. Despite this law’s existence, a jury found Zenger innocent.*

Answer 134

Tories were American Loyalists who fought on the side of the British, or otherwise aided them in their war against the American colonists. Approximately 60,000 Tories fought for the British in the Revolutionary War, and in excess of 500,000 Tories were suspected to exist in the colonies. After the war, many Tories fled to Canada.

Answer 135

Delegates from the 13 colonies (except Georgia) met in Philadelphia and: - Asked for relief from the Intolerable acts. - Passed the Suffolk Resolves (called for more local militias and increased boycott of British goods)

Answer 136

In 1680, a group of Pueblo natives in modern-day New Mexico, led by Popé, a Pueblo religious leader, revolted against Spain, driving the Spanish from the colony of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. Among the reasons for the revolt, besides forcing Catholicism on the Pueblo people, was that the Spanish had been especially cruel to the natives.

Answer 137

Salutary neglect describes the hands-off policy the British adopted towards the colonies prior to 1763. The British did not enforce parliamentary law or interfere in trade. This resulted in the colonists becoming more self-reliant and independent.

Answer 138

Federalists, who held the Presidency and a majority of House and Senate seats, lost the election of 1800, yet handed over power to the Democratic-Republicans peacefully, and without bloodshed. Such an event was rare in history and the “revolution” was that handing over control of the Congress took place without violence.

Answer 139

Jefferson had argued that the President could only exercise those powers specifically enumerated in the Constitution. No Constitutional provision allowed the President to purchase territory. Nevertheless, the Louisiana Purchase was such an amazing deal, Jefferson ignored his qualms and supported the transaction.

Answer 140

After Native Americans had attacked frontier settlements in Virginia, with no response from the Virginia colonial government, a poor white farmer named Nathaniel Bacon gathered a small army of free and indentured farmers to make a counter-attack against the Native peoples who had attacked them. This small army of free and indentured farmers was unique because it was a multi-racial group, containing both Black and White people. When Governor Berkley declared that Bacon and his followers were rebels and traitors, Bacon turned his sights to Jamestown, burning the city to the ground in 1676. Bacon and his followers believed that Virginia’s government in Jamestown was too heavily influenced by wealthy landowners.

Answer 141

Definition: The practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of groups or states Significance: The strict diplomatic policies and low esteem the rest of the world held towards the Confederation resulted in early diplomatic failures for the U.S. In 1786, ratification for a treaty with Spain that would accept the Florida boundary as the U.S. interpreted it but would limit the amount of U.S. vessels allowed to navigate the Mississippi river for twenty years was blocked by the southern states and did not allow the treaty to be ratified

Answer 142

Roger Williams dissented from Puritan preaching in the New England colonies and advocated a separation of church and state. Asked to leave Massachusetts, Williams established the town of Providence, in 1636, granting his fellow colonists complete religious freedom.

Answer 143

One of two major pieces of legislation passed under the Articles of Confederation, the Northwest Ordinance: 1. Set rules for creating new states; 2. Banned slavery in the new states of the Northwest; 3. Provided for limited self-government in territories not yet made states

Answer 144

The Declaratory Act (1766) reaffirmed the power of the British government to tax and make laws for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.” Passed along with the repeal of the Stamp Act, few noticed the reaffirmation of the British taxing power.

Answer 145

France Following an American victory at the Battle of Saratoga (1777), France recognized the United States and provided naval assistance, supplies, and monetary aid to the fledgling nation. French assistance proved the decisive factor in the Revolution by forcing the British into a wider war.

Answer 146

By using enslaved peoples from Africa, owners of tobacco plantations could keep their operating costs low. To ensure that their enslaved Africans could not run away and thus protecting their long-term economic power, white enslavers helped create laws that established the legal basis for slavery. These laws would remain for nearly 200 years.

Answer 147

In the North, farms were smaller and closer to towns. Thus, the common form of government was the town meeting, which resolved public issues by a direct vote. In the South, farms and plantations were far from one another, and government was usually established in the form of an elected sheriff and officials who would serve a wide area.

Answer 148

Definition: A document written by Thomas Jefferson in 1786 that called for the complete separation of church and state Significance: The new states strived to establish a nation where there would be complete religious freedom and no special priveleges granted to any religious denomination, so the state of Virginia acted on this by enacting the Statute of Religious Liberty in 1786

Answer 149

End of indentured servitude as a form of bondage, since it was viewed as too risky since White people would be willing to work with Black people to fight the wealthy. Creation of laws that ensured slavery would be intergenerational and a good financial investment for White landowning elites.

Answer 150

Passed along with the Coercive Act in 1774, the Quebec Act extended Quebec’s territory onto the Ohio River Valley, which was land that the 13 colonies thought belonged to them, as well as making Roman Catholicism the official religion of Quebec.

Answer 151

It established the principle of judicial review. *Written by Thomas Jefferson’s cousin, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review. John Marshall decided to give Thomas Jefferson the victory in this case of the Midnight Appointments, since giving Jefferson what he wanted also meant that Jefferson (and by extension Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans) would have to agree with the idea of “judicial review”. By agreeing to it, both political parties were agreeing to the idea that the Supreme Court would have the final say on whether or not a law was constitutional or unconstitutional.*

Answer 152

The Great Awakening revivalists claimed that all men were equal before God. This egalitarian principle led many to question the monarchy and to espouse democracy. *In addition, the Great Awakening revivals took place throughout the American colonies, providing a shared, unifying experience.*

Answer 153

Under leaders such as Alexander Hamilton and John Adams, the Federalist Party: - Believed in a strong central government - Favored business - Supported high tariffs - Advocated for a national bank. - The Federalist Party was pro-British, and found support among wealthy landowners and Norther

Answer 154

Treaty of Paris (1763) The Treaty gave control of North America up to the Mississippi River and the entirety of Canada to the British.

Answer 155

First expounded by John Locke, the principle of natural law claimed that merely by his existence, man was endowed with rights which could not be taken or abridged by government. | *Natural law’s principles provided a justification for the American Revo

Answer 156

Under indentured servitude, a person’s passage to the New World was paid in advance and in exchange for several years of labor. Colonists, primarily in Maryland and Virginia, used indentured servants to fill labor shortages prior to using enslaved people on a massive scale. Most indentured servants died before obtaining freedom.

Answer 157

The Albany Plan of Union was proposed by Benjamin Franklin. Seven colonies sent representatives to Albany in 1754, with the intention of organizing resistance to attacks by the Iroquois Confederacy. *Although Franklin’s call for an intercolonial government with the power to raise taxes for common defense was rejected by the seven colonial legislatures, it marked the first attempt to organize the colonies.*

Answer 158

After Spanish troops were withdrawn from Florida to suppress rebellions in Central and South America, a mixed band of escaped slaves, whites, and Seminole Indians used the lack of authority to launch raids on American settlements and then flee across the border beyond American retribution. President Monroe authorized Jackson to stop the raids by crossing the border if necessary.

Answer 159

He fought in the war and gained his most important pre-revolutionary military experience during this conflict. As a result of this, it made him the best-known soldier among the colonies.

Answer 160

required the purchase of a stamp for newspapers, advertisements, and legal documents.

Answer 161

The Proclamation of 1763 marked the end of the period of salutary neglect, and marked the first time the British directly interfered with colonial affairs. Further British interference would come in the form of taxation, as the British government sought to have the American colonies pay for some of the costs of the French and Indian War.

Answer 162

Most contact between the Indians and the French was peaceful.

Answer 163

English had viewed the colonies in value by trade opportunites, some started to view in land because land offered population for taxes, and trade and production. The old commercial and new territorial imperialists debated the most at the end of the War, where the territorialists won.

Answer 164

A bicameral legislature is a legislature with two chambers. The legislative branch, as established by the Constitution, is bicameral.

Answer 165

A tariff is a tax imposed upon goods when imported into their country from a foreign country. For example, the USA may charge a tariff (tax) of 10% of the value of a table when that table is imported into the USA from Canada. Tariffs are rarely used today because when one country enacts tariffs, then the other countries will respond to those tariffs by enacting their own tariffs. The people who suffer from tariffs are the common people (aka you) since businesses pass those costs to the consumer. Sometimes these conflicts can escalate into trade wars, which have the potential to cripple a country economically.

Answer 166

Shortly before he left office, President John Adams appointed several prominent Federalists to positions in the United States government, including appointing William Marbury as Justice of the Peace for Washington, D.C. Thomas Jefferson ordered his Secretary of State, James Madison, not to deliver these midnight appointments, including William Marbury. In response, Marbury sued Madison. This case of the Midnight appointments would make its way to the Supreme Court in the case called Marbury v Madison.

Answer 167

Federalists, who held the Presidency and a majority of House and Senate seats, lost the election of 1800, yet handed over power to the Democratic-Republicans peacefully, and without bloodshed. Such an event was rare in history and the “revolution” was that handing over control of the Congress took place without violence.

Answer 168

Thomas Jefferson believed that farmers were central to American success. Alexander Hamilton, on the other hand, believed that the nation could best be strengthened through manufacturing and trade.

Answer 169

Beginning in the early 1500s, the Protestant Reformation was a revolt against the authority of the Pope and established new versions of Christianity. To escape persecution, many of these new Christian sects would seek refuge in the New World.

Answer 170

Definition: The branch of a government that executes the laws Significance: The original state constitutions during the revolution appointed a weak executive in their state governments, which resulted in instability and weak governors. So by the late 1780’s, almost all of the states had either revised or drawn up a new constitution for themselves to create a stronger executive and a stable government

Answer 171

The boycott severely impacted British trade and merchants pressured the British government into repealing the Stamp Act. Britain repealed the Stamp Act in 1766, although the British government also passed the Declaratory Act at the same time.

Answer 172

Olive Branch

Answer 173

Andrew Jackson fought a successful campaign against Britain’s allies, the Creek Indians (opening Alabama for settlement), then withstood a British attack at New Orleans. *The Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815. A stirring American victory, it actually took place two weeks after a peace treaty had been signed between the British and Americans at Ghent, in Belgium.*

Answer 174

The New Jersey Plan called for a unicameral legislature where each state, regardless of population, had the same number of legislators. William Paterson proposed the New Jersey Plan as a means of protecting small-population states from being overwhelmed by states with large populations.

Answer 175

The Fugitive Slave Act was a law passed by Congress and signed into law by George Washington. The law helped the Southern States find runaway slaves by getting the Northern states, who had banned slavery, to help them find people who had escaped their enslavement. The law allowed slave catchers to enter free states to “capture runaway slaves” and fine anyone approximately $14,766.10 in today’s American dollars if they caught someone trying to help a runaway enslaved person. For those interested in the math, it was a $500 fine, but with a cumulative price increase of about 1.48% per year from 1790 to 2021, it gave us $14,766.10.

Answer 176

Puritans founded the New England colonies. Puritans were people who came to North America to have more “religious freedom”. But, ironically they wanted the freedom to write laws that would limit people’s religious freedom from the New England colonies.

Answer 177

Definition: The cultivation of habits of personal living that are claimed to be important for the success of the community Significance: When attempting to create the new state and national governments, Americans believed that a republican government would only function if the population was made up of citizens with civic virtue

Answer 178

c) Northern states threatened to not ratify the Constitution unless slavery was banned.

Answer 179

Many Americans were willing to serve in the colonial militia which served close to their homes. On the other hand, the Continental Army served throughout the 13 colonies, and many potential soldiers were concerned about leaving their farms for an extended period.

Answer 180

Quartering Act

Answer 181

a) The documents prevented a new outbreak of war.

Answer 182

Republican Motherhood stressed educating women with American democratic principles, so that those principles could be passed on to the next generation of Americans.

Answer 183

Definition: A revolt in Massachusetts during the summer of 1786, led by Daniel Shays, that concentrated on preventing the collection of debts and used force to keep courts from sitting and sheriffs from selling confiscated property. The rebels advanced to Springfield in the winter but were defeated by state militiamen in January 1787 Significance: Shays’s revolt demonstrated the anger that farmers and ordinary citizens felt towards the state governments and how they only continued to tax their people to fund their debts. It added urgency to the movement to produce a new national constitution

Answer 184

d) It settled border and trade disputes with Spain in North America.

Answer 185

The cult of domesticity, prominent throughout much of the 19th century, held that women were the moral leaders of the home, and that it was a woman’s role to ensure children were raised to follow democratic principles and to provide a quiet and relaxing environment for their husbands, separate from the sphere of industry.

Answer 186

A clause that was added to the US Constitution said that enslaved people who ran away into another state could not be free. They were still enslaved, and they had to be delivered (when found) back to their rightful owner. Lawmakers in the North, who agreed to add the Fugitive Slave Clause to the constitution, refused to enforce that clause, since they viewed it as legalized kidnapping, much to the displeasure of lawmakers from the South.

Answer 187

The key terms of the Treaty of Paris were: 1. Britain recognized American independence 2. Britain remained in control of Canada 3. Congress would return confiscated Tory property British creditors could collect debts owed to them by 4. Americans 5. The United States western boundary was set at the Mississippi River, and its southern boundary at Florida

Answer 188

He was a popular Great Awakening minister in the 13 colonies and in England and called on people to start a personal relationship with God, as well as causing many people to feel moral guilt. *Harvard (1636), William and Mary (1694), and Yale (1701) were the first three American universities. During the Great Awakening, Princeton, Columbia, Rutgers, Brown, and Dartmouth Universities were founded as “New Light” colleges.*

Answer 189

Tecumseh was a Shawnee, who tried to unite the Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River in a confederacy to resist white expansion. *Tecumseh’s army was defeated by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Since they provided aid to the Indians, the British were blamed by Americans for Tecumseh’s activities, leading to further difficulties between the United States and Britain.*

Answer 190

Called in 1765 by James Otis of Massachusetts, representatives of nine colonial governments attended the Stamp Act Congress to protest the British government’s taxes on the American colonies. The Stamp Act Congress resolved that only elected representatives had the power to tax citizens.

Answer 191

Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr Electors who cast their two votes for Jefferson and Burr thought they were electing Burr for Vice President, but when Burr realized that the tie gave him the chance at the Presidency, he attempted to convince the still Federalist House of Representatives to vote for him as opposed to Jefferson, their staunch political enemy. Alexander Hamilton persuaded many Representatives that Jefferson was the safer choice, because he considered Burr a scoundrel. Later, Burr would shoot and kill Hamilton in a duel.

Answer 192

The Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, desired a weak central government with limited powers as clearly written in the Constitution. The Democratic-Republicans favored western farmers and agriculture. In contrast to the Federalists, the D-R’s wanted lower protective tariffs and supported the French Revolution.

Answer 193

d) A compromise was reached, employing ideas from both plans.

Answer 194

a) the large size of the United States was a source of political stability

Answer 195

The Virginia Plan, drafted by James Madison, called for a bicameral legislature with two branches. Each state would send legislators to each branch based upon the size of their population.

Answer 196

British General Gage believed that there were guns and ammunition stored in Concord.

Answer 197

b) It represents an Anti-Federalist viewpoint on the relative power of the central government.

Answer 198

The three key checks and balances were: 1. The President can exercise a veto over acts of Congress 2. Congress can override a Presidential veto only with a 2/3 vote in each house 3. Treaties negotiated by the President must be ratified by the Senate

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