APUSH period 1

Question 1

Bering Strait

Answer 1

land bridge that connected Siberia to the Northernmost part of Alaska, allowing the first settlers to migrate into North America between, 15,000 and 60,000 years ago (during ice age) was present until climate warmed and bridge = submerged by water

Question 2

Inca

Answer 2

One of the great Native American civilizations of South America, 1438-1533, capital city = Cusco located in modern-day Peru, known for unique art/architecture (Machu Picchu)
civilization was conquered by Francisco Pizzaro and his men in 1532. and decimated by smallpox epidemic.

Question 3

Great League of Peace

Answer 3

also known as Iroquois confederacy/5 nations = first body of central authority for Native Americans consisting of : Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Onondaga. diplomatic and political relationships for trade and conflict, lasted until revolutionary war. Est. 1450

Question 4

Christian Liberty

Answer 4

The viewpoint held by colonizing forces of New World, that true liberty and freedom could only come from being free from sin - significance as it caused colonists to redouble conversion efforts to promote ‘freedom’ amidst natives

Question 5

Benin

Answer 5

Southwest African nation that participated in highlight lucrative trade with European nations.

Question 6

Sugar Plantations

Answer 6

The discovery of the New world and its subsequent Caribbean and South American tropical climates, created the ideal environment for growing sugar or white gold, becoming a highlight lucrative trade industry - implemented a need for labor which the African slave trade became a main supply

Question 7

conquistadores

Answer 7

conquerors sent from Portugal and Spain in the beginning of colonization, they sought after conquest, glory, riches, and gold for their home country.
examples:
Hernan cortes (Spanish) conquered the Aztecs 1521
Francisco Pizzaro - (Spanish) conquered the Incas 1532

Question 8

Columbian Exchange

Answer 8

It was the period of exchange occurring after Columbus’s first landing in the New World in which an exchange of plants, animals, people, goods, ideas, cultures, technology, and disease took place. Revolutionizing the interconnectivity of the western world completely changing ecosystem and societies (esp w. disease)

Question 9

Peninsulares

Answer 9

The top of the new social order created in Colonial Spain, they were the colonists who are of pure Spanish descent coming directly from Spain.

Question 10

Protestant Reformation

Answer 10

formation of a new branch of Christianity after Martin Luther published his 95-Theses against the Catholic Church in 1517, led to religious strife and religious/political instability throughout Europe

Question 11

Repartimiento System

Answer 11

less severe version of the encomienda system. Gave colonists the authority to recruit Natives as forced labor onto their land but they were not provided by the Spanish government. Natives remained legally free, had a right to wages. sprung out of Las Casas’s complaint and the Black Legend

Question 12

Pueblo Revolt

Answer 12

August 1680 The Pueblo Indians in the Santa Fe Colony rebelled against the religious persecution faced from the Franscian friars who abused Natives and burned their religious idolatry. United under a man called Pope the six villages of the Pueblo people united (for the first time) to attack the Spanish driving them out of the colony and destroying it. killed 400 colonists. Completely undermined Spanish colonial authority.

Question 13

Middle ground

Answer 13

The territory held between the Great Lakes territory of the French colonists and the Natives territory led to years of intermingling between the two populations that led to the new ethnicity, the Metis, children of the French colonists and the Natives - hybrid culture

Question 14

Patroons

Answer 14

or the patroon system was an intrinsic part of the New Netherland settlement. The Dutch West India company would allow shareholders to purchase land from natives and cultivate it for commercial use (fur trade) as long as they supplied labor for the land. semblant of medieval feudal system

Question 15

Armada

Answer 15

The Spanish military used to attempt to Conquer British Isles in 1588 but was rebuked by Queen Elizabeth the I

Question 16

Tenonchititlan

Answer 16

Capital of the Aztec empire in what is now known as Mexico City, was also the Spanish capital/base of the its colonial empire in the new world

Question 17

Cahokia

Answer 17

around 1000 AD Native American civilization founded upon banks of the Mississippi River near St. Louis populations between 10,000-30,000 inhabitants (only surpassed as largest US population in 1800 by Philly and NY) strong political and economic connections, major dwellings
known as mound builders for large burial mounds

Question 18

Animism

Answer 18

Native American religious practice of worshipping animate and inanimate objects swell as worshipping the natural /spiritual world around them

Question 19

Masterless men

Answer 19

term coined in the 1600s in England during its social crisis it was a way of romanticizing the unemployed who lacked a dependence on wage work and economic systems

Question 20

factories

Answer 20

Portuguese factories were trade outposts established along the west coast of Africa in the 16th century that were so lucrative that it spurred further European trade in the Africa

Question 21

Christopher Columbus

Answer 21

Spanish explorer - known for ‘discovering the new world’ in 1492, sponsored by Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain. He set sail believing he could find a route Asia by sailing Westward, only to come across the Caribbean, believing he had reached the Indies he called the Natives “Indians” and he went to his grave in 1506 believing he had found a route to Asia

Question 22

Hernan Cortes

Answer 22

Spanish conquistador who conquered the great Inca empire in Peru in 1532, he quickly decimated the native population with the aid of superior weapons and the smallpox virus.

Question 23

Creoles/criollos

Answer 23

New ethnic emergence in colonial Spain, term used to describe the children of pure Spanish descent but born in the colony, they were seconding social ranking

Question 24

Mestizos

Answer 24

These were new ethnicity of colonial Spain that were of mixed descent between Spanish colonists and natives, led to the start of a hybrid culture

Question 25

Bartholeme de las casas

Answer 25

wrote A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies). where he described the brutality inflicted upon the natives by the Spanish colonists, undermined Spanish colonial authority and influenced the beginning of the Black Legend 1542

Question 26

Black Legend

Answer 26

reputation that came to surround Spain because of its barbaric treatment of The Natives, led to Spains slowly diminishing authrity and brought reforms to treatment of natives like switch encomienda system to repartifmiento system encouraged other European nations French Dutch English to pursue colonization

Question 27

New France

Answer 27

near St. Lawrence River, Newfoundland, and later Great Lakes region founded in 1534 by Samuel De Champlain, looked not to settle but viewed new world as economic opportunity looking to break into the fur trade so they cultivated unique relations with the natives

Question 28

Metis

Answer 28

new ethnicity that emerged from the French middle ground a mix between French settlers and Natives descent

Question 29

Anglican Church

Answer 29

established by Henry VIII (himself as the leader) because the Catholic Church wouldn’t let him divorce his wife so he severed ties founded the Church of England (branch of protestantism) instability in England (delayed colonization) and est. Spain as mortal enemy 1534

Question 30

Richard Hakluyt

Answer 30

staunch advocate for English colonization of the New world Hakluyt wrote under the instruction of Sir Walter Raleigh to Queen Elizabeth I with over 20 reasons main one being to impede Spanish influence and thus hurt Catholics

Question 31

Aztecs

Answer 31

Great Civilization of MesoAmerica its capital located in what is now Mexico City Tenochititlan founded in 1300-1521 thriving military, arts, political, economic hub of culture until conquered by Hernan Cortes in 1521 and overcome by smallpox

Question 32

Pueblo Bonita

Answer 32

center of Chaco Canyon area constructed between 850 AD -1150 AD one of the largest housing Structures in North America until 1880s could hold over 600 familes

Question 33

Matriarchal

Answer 33

society dominated by females

Question 34

Caraval

Answer 34

Spanish / Portuguese small sailing vessel that allowed for more efficient and reliant transportation what Columbus used (15th-16th centuries)

Question 35

Atlantic Islands

Answer 35

island serves as major strategic point to control trade and defend against naval attacks`

Question 36

Reconquista

Answer 36

crusades/campains held by Christians states to regain territory in Iberian peninsula from ‘moors’ or muslims

Question 37

Francisco Pizarro

Answer 37

Spanish conquistadors who conquered the Inca empire in 1532 massacre leader and used weapons + smallpox to decimate population and plunder gold

Question 38

haciendas

Answer 38

estates held by Spanish landowners to grow lucrative cash crops at the Expense of Native laborers

Question 39

Virgin of Guadalupe

Answer 39

sighting of the Virgin Mary appearing as skin tone = natives, scene by a native peasant in colonial Spain in dec 1531 Juan Diego symbolizes hybrid culture

Question 40

Encomienda

Answer 40

precursor to repartimiento system. Spanish gov would give colonists plots of land to cultivate along with Natives to provide a source of free labor = black legend

Question 41

Fort Caroline

Answer 41

site on the coast of Florida where French Huguenots (Protestants) were killed by Pedro Melendez (over 500 ) in 1562

Question 42

Indentured servants

Answer 42

people who perform labor without a wage to repay a debt or indenture - for Europeans it was the fare over the Americas

Question 43

Dutch West India Company

Answer 43

company that was given complete provincial control over the New Netherland settlement establishing it as a corporatized fur trade outposts eventually implementing the patroon system

Question 44

Roanoke Colony

Answer 44

colony attempted to be established on Roanoke Island off NC by Sir Walter Raleigh but first round of settlers returned to England and the second round mysteriously disappeared

Question 45

enclosure movement

Answer 45

England 1550s whereby to keep up with the newfound demand for wool products landowners removed peasants and small farmers from prior commons of land created social crisis throughout England that delayed colonization skyrocketed unemployment and created societal dissent

Question 46

How did Native Americans adapt to the various geographies of the Americas? What different types of cultures emerged?

Answer 46

The Native Americans adapted to the various geographies by shaping their lifestyles around the environments they lived in. The Hopi and Zuni people lived in desert so they built tight knit urban centers to minimize the areas that need water, and utilized irrigation. Indians of the great plains and southwest were more nomadic following food sources, like Bison and salmon.
Diff Cultures: some became more nomadic others more urbanized

Question 47

What are some unifying characteristics of Native American cultures (think specifically about religion, land, and societies)? How were these distinct from what Europeans believed?

Answer 47

Characteristics: all practiced animism and worshipped the natural land (all posed against Catholics) all saw the land as not something to be owned but used for a period of time. power came from generosity and a communal reliance, they no true concept of wealth

different from Europe: Christians monotheistic, land they saw as a commodity to owner - direct route to power, society was organized by large wealth disparities great separation between top and bottom of hierarchy

Question 48

Why was European maritime exploration so important to countries in the 15th century?

Answer 48

European nations were in a race to compete for positions of global power, seeking to expand foreign empires, spread christianity, and break in the trade markets of Asia/Africa because of a newfound demand for the trade items

Question 49

How did European nations engage in practices in Africa and in islands in the Atlantic Ocean that they later perfected in the Americas?

Answer 49

They set up outposts for trade, which in America would become metropolis and they brought missonaries to convert natives, perfected through the mission system, they began to use people as slaves to make cash crops more economical perfected by slave trade and native enslavement

Question 50

Why did Columbus make his voyage when he did? What role did Spain’s political challenges play in this development?

Answer 50

Columbus made his voyage when he did because a desire to break into the trade markets to Asia was quickly growing but by land it required Muslim intermediaries which Catholic Spain directly opposed, a seafaring route would mitigate that. In the aftermath of the Inquisition Spain needed to use exploration and conquest as a way to remain at the forefront of European political spheres.

Question 51

What was the Columbian Exchange? How did it shape the Old World (Europe, Africa, and Asia) and the New World (the Americas), respectively?

Answer 51

Def: exchange of plants, animals, people, goods, diseases, ideas, cultures, etc.
Completely changed ecosystems, introduced new technology (farm animals) to the New World that revoltutionized agrarian production, also decimated native populations by disease specifically smallpox, brought christianity, for Africa brought disease new technology (weapons) but also the slave trade, Old World new crops such as potatoes, sweet potatoes, maize, and cassava.(saved from famine) and brought influx of wealth and a new hybrid culture

Question 52

How did Spain organize its colonial society? Why did a strict hierarchy emerge?

Answer 52

Based on hereditary descent:
- Peninsulares: Spanish colonists from Spain
Creolles: Spanish descent but born in colony
Mestizos: Spanish and native mix
Natives/Slaves

Why: because it ensured that Spanish colonial authority was never undermined, and it kept a sense of ethnic superiority

Question 53

How did the emergence of Protestantism shape Spanish colonization efforts?

Answer 53

it provided a great threat to Catholics so Spain redoubled colonization and conversion efforts making them far more violent as they attempted to force natives to acknowledge Christianity as a primary religion creating more loyal patrons of the Catholic Church

Question 54

Why did the encomienda system give way to the repartimiento system? How did they differ?

Answer 54

The ecnocmienda gave way to the repartifmiento system because of the Black Legend and Las Camas Complaints creating internal and external dissent that forced colonial Spain to changes its practices. they differed because in the encomienda system land was given to colonists as well as Natives to work the land, the repatimiento land must be bought from natives and they could only require natives to work for set amounts each year with wages and legal freedom.

Question 55

Why did the Black Legend put stress on Spanish colonial efforts?

Answer 55

it undermined its colonial authority, giving other European nations the opportunity to pursue colonization of the new world, such as English dutch and French, (English naval raids threat to Spanish colonies)

Question 56

How did the Pueblo Revolt challenge Spanish colonization?

Answer 56

It challenged Spanish colonization because it was an embarrassing lost for the Spanish , undermining its power in its own colonies, displaying a new power dynamic as natives gained the upper hand

Question 57

What did the French want from their colonization of North America? How did their goals differ from that of the Spanish, Dutch, and English?

Answer 57

The French solely wanted to break into the fur trade industry, not wanting to establish a veritable colony but instead they sought to gain profit (felt that colonization/settlement would undermine absolute authority at home in France)
differed from Spanish bc they wanted settlement and conquest enslaving natives
Dutch: wanted fur trade and good relations with natives but also new Netherland and a settlement
English : purely wanted land for settlement (opposite to French)

Question 58

Why was the emergence of a “Middle Ground” so important for the fur trade and New France’s success?

Answer 58

The emergence of a middle ground was so important for the fur trade and New Frances success because it created a territory of neutrality between the French and natives allowing relationships to develop creating hybrid ethnicity (Metis) and bringing two peoples together to strengthen relations at the foundation of the trade,

Question 59

How did the Dutch balance liberty with order in New Netherlands?

Answer 59

The Dutch colonies were unique in their sense of freedom/liberty they provided to the settlers: settlers were able to practice any religion they wanted to, but they could only do so privately. The only religion able to be worshipped publicly was the Dutch reformed church establishing a sense of order throughout society. They also allowed women to have more rights such as their own legal identity, right to divorce, inherit property, yet they still held prominent gender Roles. furthermore, the slaves had half freedom, but still maintained a system of enslavment. Finally even though there was certain liberties extended the colony was controlled by the Dutch West India company who controlled agrarian production through the patroon system.

Question 60

Why did England not begin trans-Atlantic colonization efforts until the 1580s?

Answer 60

social crisis :
- the enclosure movement = unemployment rose = masterless men = over population taxing on the economy
Religious dissent:
- Henry VIII formed Anglican Church in 1534 severing ties w. Catholic Church to divorce his wife
then came Edward VI - A
then Mary - Ca = tried to convert country back to catholiscm killed a lot of protestants = dissent
then Elizabeth I who was a staunch protestant
Conquering Ireland:
attempting to conquer Ireland England used up a significant amount of their resources and time.

Question 61

How did the enclosure movement in England encourage ideas of colonizing?

Answer 61

Enclosure movement created unemployment and subsequent overpopulation in the cities = heavily taxing on the English economy , then Sir Richard Hakluyt proposed to queen Elizabeth the solution of Colonization as a way to remove these masterless men and turn then into proponents of the English economy