APUSH PR Ch.6

Question 1

A phrase from John Winthrop’s sermon describing the Massachusetts Bay Colony as a model of Christian virtue and moral society for the world.

Answer 1

City upon a hill

Question 2

A Spanish labor system where colonists received land and could extract forced labor from Native Americans in exchange for Christianizing them.

Answer 2

Ecomienda

Question 3

A land grant program giving settlers (or those who paid for others’ passage) 50 acres in colonies like Virginia to encourage immigration.

Answer 3

Headright System

Question 4

Labor system where individuals worked for a set number of years in exchange for passage to America, often used before African slavery expanded.

Answer 4

Indentured Servitude

Question 5

A business entity where investors pool money to fund colonies, sharing profits and losses; examples include the Virginia Company.

Answer 5

Joint-Stock Company

Question 6

Economic theory where colonies exist to benefit the mother country by providing raw materials and serving as markets for exports.

Answer 6

Merchantilism

Question 7

The brutal sea journey that transported enslaved Africans to the Americas, part of the triangular trade system.

Answer 7

Middle Passage

Question 8

Settlements created by Puritans in New England to convert and “civilize” Native Americans into Christian English culture.

Answer 8

Praying Towns

Question 9

The time period in the Americas before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492.

Answer 9

Pre-Columbian Era

Question 10

A colony granted to an individual or group by the British crown, who had full governing rights (e.g., Pennsylvania).

Answer 10

Proprietary Colony

Question 11

A renewed religious fervor and movement to awaken faith, often through emotional preaching—key in the Great Awakening.

Answer 11

Revivalism

Question 12

A colony under direct control of the British crown, with a governor appointed by the king.

Answer 12

Royal Colony

Question 13

British policy of loosely enforcing trade laws in the colonies, which allowed them some autonomy before the Revolutionary period.

Answer 13

Salutary Neglect

Question 14

The system of forced labor where African people were treated as property and exploited for economic gain, particularly in the South.

Answer 14

Slavery

Question 15

A network of religious outposts in the Americas aimed at converting Native Americans and integrating them into Spanish colonial society.

Answer 15

Spanish Mission System

Question 16

Taxes on imported goods; used by England to control colonial trade and support mercantilism.

Answer 16

Tariffs

Question 17

A 1676 revolt in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor Berkeley, sparked by frontier settlers’ frustrations over Native policies.

Answer 17

Bacon’s Rebellion

Question 18

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds following Columbus’s voyages.

Answer 18

The Columbian Exchange

Question 19

A religious revival in the 1730s–40s emphasizing emotional sermons and individual piety, leading to increased church membership and new denominations.

Answer 19

The First Great Awakening

Question 20

A group of Native American tribes in the Great Lakes region allied with the French during colonial conflicts.

Answer 20

Huron Confederacy

Question 21

A 1675–1678 conflict between New England colonists and Native American tribes led by Metacomet (King Philip); one of the deadliest colonial wars.

Answer 21

King Philip’s War

Question 22

A 1636–1638 conflict in New England where English settlers and their Native allies destroyed the Pequot tribe, opening land for expansion.

Answer 22

Pequot War

Question 23

A successful 1680 uprising of Pueblo Indians in present-day New Mexico who drove out Spanish colonizers for over a decade.

Answer 23

Pueblo Revolt

Question 24

A 1692 series of trials and executions in Massachusetts where people were accused of witchcraft, reflecting Puritan fears and tensions.

Answer 24

Salem Witch Trials

Question 25

The 1588 naval defeat of Spain’s fleet by England, marking the rise of British naval power and colonial ambitions.

Answer 25

Spanish Armada Defeat

Question 26

Winter of 1609–1610 in Jamestown when settlers faced extreme famine and disease; only 60 of 500 survived.

Answer 26

The "Starving Time"

Question 27

A 1739 slave revolt in South Carolina; one of the first and largest in the colonies, it led to stricter slave codes.

Answer 27

Stono Uprising

Question 28

A Puritan spiritual adviser who was banished from Massachusetts for challenging church authority; she helped found Rhode Island.

Answer 28

Anne Hutchinson

Question 29

A Spanish priest who advocated for Native American rights and criticized the abuses of the encomienda system.

Answer 29

Bartolome de las Casas

Question 30

Followers of John Calvin’s Protestant teachings emphasizing predestination; many early settlers in New England were Calvinists.

Answer 30

Calvinists

Question 31

Italian explorer who sailed for Spain in 1492; credited with "discovering" the Americas, initiating widespread contact between Europe and the New World.

Answer 31

Christopher Columbus

Question 32

Puritans who believed each church should be self-governed; dominant religious group in early Massachusetts.

Answer 32

Congregationalists

Question 33

Spanish soldiers and explorers who conquered large areas in the Americas, such as Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro.

Answer 33

Conquistadors

Question 34

Influential preacher during the First Great Awakening; known for his dramatic sermons that spread revivalism across the colonies.

Answer 34

George Whitefield

Question 34

Early settler of Jamestown who introduced tobacco cultivation and married Pocahontas, helping stabilize the colony.

Answer 34

John Rolfe

Question 35

Leader of Jamestown who enforced discipline and helped establish relations with Native tribes, famously linked with Pocahontas.

Answer 35

John Smith

Question 36

A leading preacher of the First Great Awakening, best known for his fiery sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.”

Answer 36

Jonathan Edwards

Question 37

Spanish conquistador who explored the American Southwest and violently suppressed Native resistance, especially the Acoma.

Answer 37

Juan de Onate

Question 38

Communities of escaped enslaved Africans in the Americas who formed independent settlements, especially in the Caribbean and South America.

Answer 38

Maroons

Question 39

People of mixed European (Spanish) and Native American ancestry; a major social group in Spanish colonies.

Answer 39

Mestizos

Question 40

Also known as King Philip, he was a Wampanoag leader who led Native resistance against New England settlers in King Philip’s War.

Answer 40

Metacomet

Question 41

English Separatists who sailed on the Mayflower in 1620 and founded Plymouth Colony, seeking religious freedom.

Answer 41

Pilgrims

Question 42

Native American groups like the Sioux and Cheyenne who lived in the Great Plains region; known for bison hunting and later horse culture.

Answer 42

Plains Tribes

Question 43

Daughter of Powhatan chief; acted as a liaison between the Powhatan Confederacy and Jamestown settlers, later married John Rolfe.

Answer 43

Pocahontas

Question 44

Alliance of Native tribes in Virginia led by Chief Powhatan; initially helped but later clashed with Jamestown settlers.

Answer 44

Powhatan Confederacy

Question 45

Indigenous groups in the American Southwest known for adobe dwellings and complex societies; key players in the Pueblo Revolt.

Answer 45

Pueblo People

Question 46

English Protestants who sought to "purify" the Church of England; many settled in Massachusetts Bay seeking religious freedom.

Answer 46

Puritans

Question 47

Puritan dissenter who advocated for separation of church and state and religious freedom; founded Rhode Island.

Answer 47

Roger Williams

Question 48

Radical Puritans who wanted to completely break away from the Church of England; Pilgrims were a notable group.

Answer 48

Separartists

Question 49

The first permanent English colony in North America (founded 1607); Jamestown was its initial settlement.

Answer 49

Virginia Colony

Question 50

English explorer who attempted to establish the lost colony of Roanoke; helped promote English colonization in the Americas.

Answer 50

Sir Walter Raleigh

Question 51

Native American tribe that aided Pilgrims at Plymouth but later fought against settlers in King Philip’s War.

Answer 51

Wampanoags

Question 52

People of mixed African and Native American descent in the Spanish colonies; part of the complex colonial caste system.

Answer 52

Zambos

Question 53

Narrow land/water passage between Asia and North America; believed to be the migration route for early humans into the Americas.

Answer 53

Bering Straight

Question 54

Colonial region including Virginia and Maryland; known for tobacco farming, plantations, and use of indentured labor and slavery.

Answer 54

The Chesapeake

Question 55

The first permanent English settlement in North America (1607); struggled early but survived through tobacco and leadership.

Answer 55

Jamestown

Question 56

Colonies like South Carolina and Georgia; had economies based on rice, indigo, and slave labor.

Answer 56

The Lower South

Question 57

A major Puritan colony founded in 1630 by John Winthrop; intended to be a “City upon a Hill.”

Answer 57

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Question 58

Colonies like New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware; known for diversity, trade, and farming.

Answer 58

Middle Colonies

Question 59

Colonies in the northeastern U.S. (e.g., Massachusetts, Connecticut); economy based on small farms, fishing, and trade; religiously centered.

Answer 59

New England Colonies

Question 60

Colonies like Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia; economy based on plantations, cash crops, and slave labor.

Answer 60

Southern Colonies

Question 61

1649, Law passed in Maryland guaranteeing religious freedom to all Christians; intended to protect Catholic minority.

Answer 61

Act of Toleration

Question 62

Administrative union of New England colonies under royal control (1686–1689); disliked for restricting colonial autonomy.

Answer 62

Dominion of New England

Question 63

One of the first written constitutions in the colonies (1639); established a representative government in Connecticut.

Answer 63

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Question 64

A 1662 Puritan church policy allowing partial church membership for those who had not had a conversion experience; aimed to maintain church influence.

Answer 64

Halfway Covenant

Question 65

Another name for the Act of Toleration; granted religious freedom to all Christians in Maryland.

Answer 65

Maryland Toleration Act

Question 66

1620 agreement signed by Pilgrims to form a self-governing community based on majority rule; early step toward democracy.

Answer 66

Mayflower Compact

Question 67

A series of British trade laws (1651–1673) designed to enforce mercantilism by restricting colonial trade to England or English ships.

Answer 67

Navigation Acts