APWH Chapters 7 and 8

Question 0

Mecca/Medina

Answer 0

Muhammad preached to Meccans, they didn’t accept message. HEGIRA - He and close followers went to Yathrib (now Medina - “city of the Prophet”). Failed again in Medina, but got a few more followers.

Question 1

Muhammad

Answer 1

Prophet of Allah. Spread Islam. Message given to him by angel Gabriel.

Question 2

Umma

Answer 2

First Muslim community, formed by Muhammad

Question 3

Ka’aba

Answer 3

Holiest place in Islam. Large building inside mosque in Mecca. Houses sacred stone. In Mecca.

Question 4

Five Pillars of Islam

Answer 4

1) Allah one and only god and Muhammad his prophet
2) Pray 5 times daily (publicly on Friday) facing east
3) Observe Ramadan
4) Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in life
5) Alms (zakat) to the poor

Question 5

Ramadan

Answer 5

Holy month in Islam. Fasting from dawn to sunset.

Question 6

Shari’a

Answer 6

Law of code drew up by ulama (panel of Muslim scholars) to provide believers with set of prescriptions to regulate daily life after Muhammad’s death. Much drawn from Hadith - collection of sayings of Prophet

Question 7

Caliph

Answer 7

“Successor.” He was the temporal leader of the Islamic community and was considered to be a religious leader (imam)

Question 8

Shi’ites

Answer 8

Supporter of Ali

Question 9

Sunni

Answer 9

Supporters of Umayyad rule

Question 10

Jihad

Answer 10

“Striving in the way of the Lord,” “holy war”

Question 11

Abu Bakr

Answer 11

Father-in-law of Muhammad. Selected by Muhammad’s closest followers as caliph. After death office passed to Umar.

Question 12

Baghdad

Answer 12

Abbasid capital. On Tigris River. Far east of Umayyad capital at Damascus. After death of the caliph Harun, two sons fought civil war for power, destroyed Baghdad.

Question 13

Crusades

Answer 13

A series of Christian raids on Islamic territories. Caused by cry of Byzantine emperor Alexius I. Called for assistance of other Christians to protect empire against Seljuk Turks. Said that Muslims desecrating Christian shrines in Holy Land. Never had happened. Saladin took over Egypt and Syria, confronted Christians. Invaded Jerusalem. Captured. Saladin didn’t allow massacre of Christians. Allowed faith to be practiced still.

Question 14

Seljuk Turks

Answer 14

Nomadic people from Central Asia. Converted to Islam. Military mercenaries for Abbasid caliphate. Moved into Persia and Armenia. Occupied eastern provinces of Abbasid Empire. Turkish leader captured Baghdad, assumed control of empire with title of SULTAN “holder of power”.

Question 15

Genghis Khan/Mongols

Answer 15

Made advances in northern China/ under Hulegu, Mongols seized Persia and Mesopotamia. Brought end to caliphate at Baghdad. Mongols not Muslims. Brutal treatment of peoples. Destroyed economy. Cities flattened, dams and irrigation destroyed. Went to Red Sea. Failed to take Egypt because of resistance of Mamluks (overthrew Saladin). Mongols started converting. Cities rebuilt. New center of Islam Cairo. Sultan Mehmet II seized Constantinople, ending Byzantine Empire.

Question 16

Córdoba

Answer 16

Mosque in southern Spain.

Question 17

Pope Innocent III

Answer 17

Called for crusade to destroy Muslim rule in southern Spain. Christian armies went south, seized Seville and Córdaba; Granda kept going with hilltop fortress-Alhambra

Question 18

Bedouin

Answer 18

Nomadic Arabs inhabiting Arabian peninsula. Came from northern part of peninsula. Organized in tribes. Ruling member of tribe-sheikh. Selected from leading family by council of elders-majlis. Sheikh ruled with consent of council. Supported selves by sheepherding/raiding passing caravans. After domestication of camel, caravan trade. Major carrier of goods. Polytheistic. Allah supreme. Spirits inhabit natural objects. Supreme deity symbolized by sacred stone.

Question 19

Damascus

Answer 19

Capital of caliphate of Umayyads

Question 20

Tales from 1001 Nights/Arabian Nights

Answer 20

Famous western works of Middle Eastern literature. Loosely translated. Adapted to western tastes. Folktales/fables/romances of Indian and indigenous origins. Interweave natural with supernatural.

Question 21

Sadi

Answer 21

Persian Shakespeare

Question 22

Dome of the Rock 691

Answer 22

Built to proclaim the spiritual and political legitimacy of the new religion to the ancient world. Built in Jerusalem on Muhammad’s holy rock. Touches Western Wall of the Jews and cities oldest Christian church.

Question 23

Charles Martel

Answer 23

Defeated an Arab force (Umayyads) between Tours and Poitiers.