Aq Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
What is the A Horizon?
A
The layer of soil that contains the highest amount of organic matter and is crucial for plant growth.
2
Q
What is leaching?
A
The process in which water moves down through the soil, taking with it dissolved minerals and nutrients.
3
Q
What is clay?
A
The smallest particle size in soil, with a diameter of less than 0.002 millimeters.
4
Q
What is laterization?
A
The soil-forming process that occurs in humid tropical climates and results in iron-rich, reddish soils.
5
Q
What is hardpan?
A
A dense layer of soil that restricts root growth and water movement.
6
Q
What is gravitational water?
A
A type of water that moves freely through soil due to gravity but is not typically available to plants.
7
Q
What is a soil profile?
A
The vertical cross-section of soil from the surface down to the parent material.
8
Q
What is salinization?
A
The accumulation of salts in soil, often occurring in arid and semi-arid regions.
9
Q
What is humus?
A
The organic component of soil, formed from the decomposition of plant and animal matter.
10
Q
How is soil acidity or alkalinity measured?
A
Using the pH scale.
11
Q
What is soil structure?
A
The term for soil particles clumping into distinct shapes or structures.
12
Q
What is the classification of soil with a pH level below 7?
A
Acidic.
13
Q
What is soil development?
A
The process by which soil becomes more mature and develops distinct horizons over time.
14
Q
What is hygroscopic water?
A
Water that is tightly bound to soil particles and cannot be accessed by plants.
15
Q
What is weathering?
A
The breakdown of rocks into smaller fragments through physical, chemical, or biological processes.
16
Q
Which component of soil is responsible for providing nutrients and retaining moisture?
A
B. Organic matter
17
Q
What term refers to water that moves through soil due to gravity but is not available to plants?
A
C. Gravitational water
18
Q
What is the pH range of acidic soils?
A
A. 0-7
19
Q
Which soil-forming factor is primarily responsible for breaking down parent material into smaller fragments?
A
A. Climate
20
Q
What process involves the accumulation of minerals like calcium carbonate in soil?
A
C. Calcification
21
Q
Which soil horizon is rich in organic matter and ideal for plant growth?
A
C. A Horizon
22
Q
What is the term for the downward movement of soil and dissolved minerals through the soil profile?
A
B. Leaching
23
Q
Which soil texture has particles with a diameter of less than 0.002 millimeters?
A
C. Clayey
24
Q
What is the organic component resulting from the decomposition of plant and animal material?
A
B. Humus
25
Which type of soil structure promotes good drainage due to small, rounded aggregates?
D. Granular
26
What term describes the ability of soil to transmit air and water through its spaces?
A. Permeability
27
Soils with high amounts of iron and aluminum oxides are the result of which soil-forming process?
C. Laterization
28
Which factor in soil formation influences the types of vegetation present in an area?
C. Climate
29
What is a dense layer that prevents water from penetrating deep into the soil called?
B. Hardpan
30
What is the term for the vertical arrangement of soil layers from the surface to the underlying bedrock?
D. Soil profile
31
What are exogenic processes?
The geological processes that break down rocks and transport their fragments from high-energy to low-energy environments.
32
What is freeze-thaw?
The process where water repeatedly freezes and thaws in rock cracks, eventually breaking the rock apart.
33
What is mass wasting?
The movement of rock material downslope due to gravity without the aid of a geomorphic agent.
34
What is hydrolysis?
The chemical breakdown of rocks due to reactions with water, often producing clay minerals.
35
What is salt crystal growth?
The type of physical weathering that involves the growth of salt crystals in rock pores.
36
What is oxidation?
When oxygen combines with minerals in rocks, leading to a chemical change, such as rusting of iron.
37
What is creep?
A slow and almost imperceptible type of mass wasting that causes soil or rock to move gradually downslope.
38
What is unloading?
The process by which large sheets of rock peel off due to pressure release as overlying materials are removed.
39
What is a fall in mass wasting?
When large rock fragments break off and fall freely from a cliff or steep slope.
40
What is debris flow?
A high-speed flow of rocks, soil, and other debris mixed with water, often triggered by heavy rainfall or volcanic activity.
41
What is carbonation?
The chemical process where rainwater reacts with carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid, which then dissolves rocks like limestone.
42
What is thermal expansion and contraction?
The gradual process of rock disintegration caused by changes in temperature.
43
What is solution?
The process where mineral ions are dissolved and carried away in water.
44
What is solifluction?
The movement of water-saturated soil over permafrost in high-latitude regions.
45
What characterizes a high-energy environment?
Fast-moving water or strong winds, leading to rapid erosion and transportation of materials.
46
What is the term for the downslope movement of rock material due to gravity?
B. Mass wasting
47
What is freeze-thaw weathering?
B. Freeze-thaw
48
What is oxidation in rocks?
A. Oxidation
49
What process involves the removal and transport of weathered rock materials?
B. Erosion
50
What describes the gradual breaking down of rocks without changing their chemical composition?
A. Physical weathering
51
What type of weathering involves the dissolution of rock minerals into water?
B. Solution and carbonation
52
What is the primary factor that drives mass wasting processes?
D. Gravity
53
What is an example of a fast type of mass wasting?
B. Rockfall
54
What is solifluction?
C. Solifluction
55
What is unloading?
A. Unloading
56
What describes the breaking down of rocks through temperature changes?
A. Thermal expansion and contraction
57
What type of mass wasting involves the downward flow of wet soil and rock debris?
C. Mudflow
58
What is freeze-thaw weathering?
A. Freeze-thaw
59
What is differential weathering?
B. Differential weathering
60
What is a key agent of erosion in coastal regions?
B. Waves
61
What is the A Horizon?
The layer of soil that contains the highest amount of organic matter and is crucial for plant growth.
62
What is leaching?
The process in which water moves down through the soil, taking with it dissolved minerals and nutrients.
63
What is clay?
The smallest particle size in soil, with a diameter of less than 0.002 millimeters.
64
What is laterization?
The soil-forming process that occurs in humid tropical climates and results in iron-rich, reddish soils.
65
What is hardpan?
A dense layer of soil that restricts root growth and water movement.
66
What is gravitational water?
A type of water that moves freely through soil due to gravity but is not typically available to plants.
67
What is a soil profile?
The vertical cross-section of soil from the surface down to the parent material.
68
What is salinization?
The accumulation of salts in soil, often occurring in arid and semi-arid regions.
69
What is humus?
The organic component of soil, formed from the decomposition of plant and animal matter.
70
How is soil acidity or alkalinity measured?
Using the pH scale.
71
What is soil structure?
The term for soil particles clumping into distinct shapes or structures.
72
What is the classification of soil with a pH level below 7?
Acidic.
73
What is soil development?
The process by which soil becomes more mature and develops distinct horizons over time.
74
What is hygroscopic water?
Water that is tightly bound to soil particles and cannot be accessed by plants.
75
What is weathering?
The breakdown of rocks into smaller fragments through physical, chemical, or biological processes.
76
Which component of soil is responsible for providing nutrients and retaining moisture?
B. Organic matter
77
What term refers to water that moves through soil due to gravity but is not available to plants?
C. Gravitational water
78
What is the pH range of acidic soils?
A. 0-7
79
Which soil-forming factor is primarily responsible for breaking down parent material into smaller fragments?
A. Climate
80
What process involves the accumulation of minerals like calcium carbonate in soil?
C. Calcification
81
Which soil horizon is rich in organic matter and ideal for plant growth?
C. A Horizon
82
What is the term for the downward movement of soil and dissolved minerals through the soil profile?
B. Leaching
83
Which soil texture has particles with a diameter of less than 0.002 millimeters?
C. Clayey
84
What is the organic component resulting from the decomposition of plant and animal material?
B. Humus
85
Which type of soil structure promotes good drainage due to small, rounded aggregates?
D. Granular
86
What term describes the ability of soil to transmit air and water through its spaces?
A. Permeability
87
Soils with high amounts of iron and aluminum oxides are the result of which soil-forming process?
C. Laterization
88
Which factor in soil formation influences the types of vegetation present in an area?
C. Climate
89
What is a dense layer that prevents water from penetrating deep into the soil called?
B. Hardpan
90
What is the term for the vertical arrangement of soil layers from the surface to the underlying bedrock?
D. Soil profile
91
What are exogenic processes?
The geological processes that break down rocks and transport their fragments from high-energy to low-energy environments.
92
What is freeze-thaw?
The process where water repeatedly freezes and thaws in rock cracks, eventually breaking the rock apart.
93
What is mass wasting?
The movement of rock material downslope due to gravity without the aid of a geomorphic agent.
94
What is hydrolysis?
The chemical breakdown of rocks due to reactions with water, often producing clay minerals.
95
What is salt crystal growth?
The type of physical weathering that involves the growth of salt crystals in rock pores.
96
What is oxidation?
When oxygen combines with minerals in rocks, leading to a chemical change, such as rusting of iron.
97
What is creep?
A slow and almost imperceptible type of mass wasting that causes soil or rock to move gradually downslope.
98
What is unloading?
The process by which large sheets of rock peel off due to pressure release as overlying materials are removed.
99
What is a fall in mass wasting?
When large rock fragments break off and fall freely from a cliff or steep slope.
100
What is debris flow?
A high-speed flow of rocks, soil, and other debris mixed with water, often triggered by heavy rainfall or volcanic activity.
101
What is carbonation?
The chemical process where rainwater reacts with carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid, which then dissolves rocks like limestone.
102
What is thermal expansion and contraction?
The gradual process of rock disintegration caused by changes in temperature.
103
What is solution?
The process where mineral ions are dissolved and carried away in water.
104
What is solifluction?
The movement of water-saturated soil over permafrost in high-latitude regions.
105
What characterizes a high-energy environment?
Fast-moving water or strong winds, leading to rapid erosion and transportation of materials.
106
What is the term for the downslope movement of rock material due to gravity?
B. Mass wasting
107
What is freeze-thaw weathering?
B. Freeze-thaw
108
What is oxidation in rocks?
A. Oxidation
109
What process involves the removal and transport of weathered rock materials?
B. Erosion
110
What describes the gradual breaking down of rocks without changing their chemical composition?
A. Physical weathering
111
What type of weathering involves the dissolution of rock minerals into water?
B. Solution and carbonation
112
What is the primary factor that drives mass wasting processes?
D. Gravity
113
What is an example of a fast type of mass wasting?
B. Rockfall
114
What is solifluction?
C. Solifluction
115
What is unloading?
A. Unloading
116
What describes the breaking down of rocks through temperature changes?
A. Thermal expansion and contraction
117
What type of mass wasting involves the downward flow of wet soil and rock debris?
C. Mudflow
118
What is freeze-thaw weathering?
A. Freeze-thaw
119
What is differential weathering?
B. Differential weathering
120
What is a key agent of erosion in coastal regions?
B. Waves
