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AQA Core Chemistry - Mr. McDonnell > AQA Core Chemistry - C1.1 - C1.6 > Flashcards

AQA Core Chemistry - C1.1 - C1.6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a compound?

A

Two or more elements chemically combined

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2
Q

What is the charge on a proton?

A

Positive

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3
Q

What does the atomic number tell us?

A

The number of protons and electrons which the atom has

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4
Q

What does the mass number tell us?

A

The number of protons and neutrons the atom has

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5
Q

How do you work out the number of neutrons?

A

Mass number - atomic number

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6
Q

How many electrons can fit into the first 3 shells or orbitals?

A

1st = 2, 2nd = 8, 3rd = 8

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7
Q

What does the group number on the periodic table tell us?

A

The number of electrons in the outside shell - each element in the group will have the same number of electrons in their outer shell

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8
Q

What does the period (row) number tell us?

A

The number of shells the element has

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9
Q

What are elements in Group 0 called and why?

A

Noble gases as they are unreactive

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10
Q

What is the formula of calcium hydroxide?

A

Ca(OH)2

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11
Q

cement + sand + mortar = ???

A

concrete

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12
Q

Limestone + clay = ???

A

cement

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13
Q

Limestone + sand + sodium carbonate = ???, Under what condition does this have to be under (extra mark)

A

glass, strong heat

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14
Q

Chemical name for Limestone…

A

calcium carbonate

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15
Q

Breaking down a chemical by heating is called…

A

thermal decomposition

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16
Q

Chemical Equation for thermal decomposition of limestone…

A

calcium carbonate = calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

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17
Q

Lime water is a test for…

A

carbon dioxide (turns limewater milky)

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18
Q

What is a metal ore…

A

A metal in its natural state

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19
Q

What is native state…

A

metals are so unreactive they are found as their elements e.g. Gold

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20
Q

What is the best way to extract a metal from its ore…

A

using the reactivity series (i.e. displacement/ reduction)

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21
Q

Metal oxide + carbon = two products. What are they?

A

metal + carbon dioxide

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22
Q

Removal of oxygen is called…

A

reduction reaction

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23
Q

Metal containing other elements is called…

A

alloy

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24
Q

What is carbon steel used for?

A

cars, knives, containers, structural steel

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25
Q

What are the properties of high carbon steel?

A

very strong, but brittle

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26
Q

Main advantage of stainless steel?

A

Does not rust

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27
Q

A property of copper is…

A

Very soft (Also great conductor of heat/electricity)

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28
Q

Name 3 (of a possible 4) properties of transition metals…

A

good conductors of heat and energy, hard tough and strong, malleable, high melting points

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29
Q

Name two cheaper, more environmental friendly ways to extract copper

A

bacteria (bioleaching) and plants (phytomining)

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30
Q

Which two elements resist corrosion and are therefore very useful?

A

aluminium and titanium

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31
Q

What are the disadvantages of the two transition elements that resist corrosion (extra mark - state them)

A

take a lot of energy to extract from their ores and therefore are expensive - Al and Ti

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32
Q

Disadvantage of electrolysis…

A

very expensive due to high temperatures and electricity needed. Lots of energy

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33
Q

Why is aluminium recycling important?

A

takes less energy to produce the same amount from recycled metal than from its ore by extraction

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34
Q

Describe a blast furnace…i.e. what goes in, what comes out, conditions required

A

iron ore, coke and limescale at the top, slag and iron produced at the bottom, hot air in at bottom, out at top

35
Q

What gases come out of the blast furnace?

A

Carbon reacting with oxygen = Carbon dioxide OR carbon monoxide and nitrogen (from the air unchanged)

36
Q

Properties of low carbon steel?

A

soft, easily shaped, less likely to shatter than steel

37
Q

Example of an iron alloy

A

steel

38
Q

How are metal atoms arranged (eg.in iron)?

A

in rows in layers that SLIDE

39
Q

Explain how iron is extracted

A

reducing it with carbon in blast furnace

40
Q

% of carbon in mild carbon steel? Uses of this (extra point)?

A

less than 0.1%, easily shaped (used in cars)

41
Q

Carbon steel has what % range of carbon in it?

A

0.03 - 1.5%

42
Q

Explain the process which produces 85% of our copper…

A

smelting - heat copper ore strongly in air, this crude copper is used as anodes in electrolysis cells to create pure 99.9% pure copper

43
Q

Name and describe the process of aluminium extraction…

A

electrolysis, electric current passed through Al oxide at high temperatures

44
Q

Name and describe the process of titanium extraction…

A

displacement using Na or Mg (use electrolysis first)

45
Q

Name the process of removing copper from it’s ore, by heat and electrolysis?

A

smelting

46
Q

Name a problem with processing copper ore…

A

uses a huge amount of electricity and therefore costs a lot of money

47
Q

Name two physical and one chemical advantageous property of copper…

A

conducts electricity and heat, does not react with water

48
Q

Why can’t we use carbon to displace aluminium from its ore?

A

because it is a reactive metal and higher in the reactivity series than carbon

49
Q

Why is titanium used to make artificial hip joints?

A

it is strong and resistant to corrosion

50
Q

What are the two ways of extracting copper from high-grade copper ores?

A
  1. Add sulphuric acid and then use electrolysis 2. smelting (roasting) in a furnace
51
Q

What are the two ways of extracting copper from low-grade copper ores?

A

phytomining and bioleaching

52
Q

What are the disadvantages of phytomining?

A

Plants take a long time to grow and the process is NOT continuous

53
Q

What are the disadvantages of bioleaching?

A

Slow process, still need to use electrolysis

54
Q

What are the advantages of bioleaching?

A

Can use low grade copper so can use scrap iron

55
Q

Name 3 benefits of using metals in construction…

A

Steel is strong for girders in buildings, aluminium alloys are corrosion resistant, copper is a good electrical conductor

56
Q

Name 3 drawbacks of using metals in construction…

A

Iron and steel can rust, metal ore exploitation causes pollution, metals are expensive

57
Q

Name the process of separating crude oil…

A

fractional distillation

58
Q

What is distillation?

A

separates liquids with different boiling points

59
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

molecule containing only hydrogen and carbon

60
Q

Give a general equation for butane…

A

C4H10

61
Q

Alkanes contain as much hydrogen as possible. This means it has all single bonds. This makes them…

A

saturated

62
Q

2 properties of short hydrocarbon molecules (e.g methane)…

A

lower boiling point, high volatility, low viscosity, flammable

63
Q

2 properties of long hydrocarbon molecules…

A

high boiling point, low volatility, viscous, smoky flame

64
Q

What happens to the temperature up the fractioning column?

A

gets cooler

65
Q

What is the process that happens when gas reach their boiling points?

A

condensation

66
Q

What are polymers?

A

Many monomers (small molecules) that join together to form long chain polymers

67
Q

When hydrocarbons burn in air they produce…

A

carbon dioxide, water

68
Q

What is crude oil?

A

mixture of many hydrocarbon compounds

69
Q

Name 4 products from the fractional distillation process…

A

petrol, naphtha, kerosene, diesel oil, lubricating oil, greases and waxes, fuel oil, bitumen

70
Q

Impurities in fuels produce…

A

other substances which may be poisonous and cause pollution

71
Q

Sulphur dioxide causes…

A

acid rain

72
Q

What is incomplete combustion?

A

where carbon monoxide is formed instead of carbon dioxide due to a lack of oxygen

73
Q

How does nitrous oxide form in cars?

A

high temperatures cause N and O in air to react

74
Q

Why is nitrous oxide dangerous , and state what it can cause (extra mark)

A

poisonous. Can cause asthma or acid rain

75
Q

What type of hydrocarbons do diesel engines use?

A

larger molecule hydrocarbons

76
Q

Why is ethanol useful in cars?

A

carbon neutral , easier to grow in economically poor countries, save crude oil supplies

77
Q

What is in biodiesel?

A

renewable fuel made from new or used vegetable oil

78
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane?

A

CnH2n + 2

79
Q

What problem does plastic cause if burnt?

A

toxic gases

80
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking down of large molecules into smaller ones - it forms a mixture of alkanes and alkenes

81
Q

Why does crude oil need to be cracked?

A

Longer chains are less useful (less in demand) as short chains burn better. Supply is of long chains, demand is for short.

82
Q

A use of smart polymers…

A

wound stitches, hydrogels

83
Q

Describe global warming…

A

warming of the earth due to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trapping infra-red radiation from the surface

AQA Core Chemistry - Mr. McDonnell (1 decks)

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