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Arborist Cert > Arborist Cert > Flashcards

Arborist Cert Flashcards

1
Q

Angiosperm

A

Any non conifer or palm tree

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2
Q

Gymnosperm

A

Conifer trees

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3
Q

Meristem

A

Specialized growth initiation areas where new cells arise by cell division

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4
Q

Differentiation

A

Cells change their structure to assume a variety of different functions after cell division

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5
Q

Primary Growth

A

Growth from the roots and shoot tips resulting in increase of length and height

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6
Q

Secondary Growth

A

Growth that increases the thickness of stems, branches and roots

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7
Q

Apical Meristems

A

Small areas at the tips of roots and shoots

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8
Q

Buds

A

Where apical meristems are found

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9
Q

Cambium

A

Thin sheath of dividing cells located just under the bark. Produces cells that will be the vascular system for the tree

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10
Q

Xylem

A

Inner tissue created by the cambium.

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11
Q

Phloem

A

Outer layer of tissue created by the cambium.

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12
Q

Cork Cambium

A

Second lateral meristem that produces the outer tissues (periderm) and ultimately the bark. Palms lack this secondary growth.

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13
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural component of the primary cell wall. Plays a role in providing the architecture of different types of cells.

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14
Q

Lignin

A

A more rigid component of plant cells formed in the cell walls of the wood. Forms a matrix in which microfibrils (long chains of cellulose) are embedded; this forms a reinforcing structure similar to rebar in concrete. Allows trees to grow tall

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15
Q

4 Primary Functions of the Xylem

A
  1. Conduction of water and dissolved minerals (collectively known as sap
  2. Mechanical support for the tree
  3. Storage of carbohydrate (starch) reserves
  4. Defense against the spread of dysfunction, disease and decay
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16
Q

Tracheids

A

Elongated, close-ended, dead cells with pointed ends and thickened walls. They conduct water and provide mechanical support.

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17
Q

Parenchyma cells

A

Living cells interspersed among the other cells. Responsible for storing carbohydrates and defending against decay

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18
Q

Eudicotyledon (Eudicot)

A

Trees made up of vessel elements, fibers, and parenchyma cells. In some species tracheids may also be present.

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19
Q

Vessels

A

The primary conducting elements in angiosperms. Better at conducting water than tracheids.

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20
Q

Ring Porous

A

Trees that form wide vessels early in the growing season and narrow vessels later in the growing season. Includes elm, oak, and ash among others.

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21
Q

Diffuse Porous

A

Trees that produce uniform vessels throughout the growing season. Includes maple, planetree, linden among others.

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22
Q

Growth Rings

A

Visible in xylem. Result of cambium’s seasonal xylem production. Appear as rings because relative size and density of vascular tissues change throughout the growing season. Cells become smaller in diameter as the growing season progresses.

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23
Q

Earlywood

A

Cells produced early in the growing season

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24
Q

Latewood

A

Cells produced later in the growing season

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25
Q

Sapwood

A

Xylem that conducts water. Contains many parenchyma cells.

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26
Q

Heartwood

A

Nonconducting xylem that contains no living cells and is sometimes darker in color than the sapwood. Old layers of sapwood. Contributes to the mechanical support of the tree, can resist invasion of microorganisms, and is important in storing carbon. No longer plays a physiological role for the tree.

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27
Q

Rays

A

Made up of parenchyma cells that grow radially, like spokes on a bike wheel, and extend across the growth increments of xylem into the phloem. Ray cells transport carbohydrates and other compounds into and out of sapwood, store carbs such as starch, and assist in restricting decay in growth tissues

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28
Q

Lenticels

A

Small openings in the bark that permit gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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29
Q

Apical/ Terminal Buds

A

Buds located at the end of a shoot. Most active buds.

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30
Q

Axillary Buds

A

Buds that occur along the stem. Often dormant.

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31
Q

Apical Dominance

A

Where the terminal buds chemically inhibit the growth and development of laterals on the same shoot.

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32
Q

Adventitious Buds

A

Produced along stems or roots where primary meristems aren’t normally found. Development may be stimulated by the loss of apical buds and the plant hormones they produce.

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33
Q

Epicormic Shoots

A

When latent buds elongate and produce shoots

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34
Q

Node

A

A slightly enlarged portion of the twig where leaves and buds develop

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35
Q

Internode

A

The area between nodes- important as a diagnostic tool. Leaf scars and terminal bud scars are useful in measuring annual growth in many species.

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36
Q

Branch Collar

A

The annual production of layers of tissue at the junction of the branch to the stem seen as a shoulder or bulge around the branch base

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37
Q

Branch Union

A

Junction of stem and branch. Specialized wood is formed that is typically much denser and exhibits twisted and whirled wood grain

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38
Q

Branch Bark Ridge

A

External sign of specialized wood of the branch union

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39
Q

Included Bark

A

Bark that is embedded in the branch union. Weakens the union

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40
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Primary leaf pigment that absorbs sunlight

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41
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Where energy from sunlight is collected

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42
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Reaction where sunlight is converted to chemical energy in the form of carbs

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43
Q

Transpiration

A

The loss of water through the foliage in the form of water vapor which helps cool the leaf. Draws up water from the roots through the xylem.

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44
Q

Cuticle

A

Outer surface of leaf covered by waxy layer. Minimizes desiccation (drying out) of the leaf.

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45
Q

Stomata

A

Small openings mostly on the underside of the leaf surface controlling the loss of water vapor and the exchange of gases

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46
Q

Guard cells

A

Regulate the opening and closing of the stomata in response to environmental stimuli such as light, temperature and humidity

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47
Q

Deciduous Trees

A

Trees that shed their leaves every year

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48
Q

Evergreens

A

Trees that hold their leaves for more than a year

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49
Q

Abcission Zone

A

Area at base of leaf stalk that enables leaf drop and protects the region of the stem from which the leaf has fallen against desiccation and pathogen entry

50
Q

Anthocyanins

A

Red and purple pigments in leaves. Protect from ultraviolet radiation while sugars and amino acids are stored for the spring.

51
Q

Carotenoids

A

Yellows, oranges and red pigments in leaves. Protect from ultraviolet radiation while sugars and amino acids are stored for the spring.

52
Q

Absorbing Roots

A

Small, fibrous, primary tissues growing at the ends of and along the main woody roots. They have epidermal cells that may be modified into root hairs aiding in the uptake of water and minerals

53
Q

Lateral Roots

A

Usually near the soil surface

54
Q

Sinker roots

A

Vertically downward growing roots from the lateral roots that provide anchorage and access to available water deeper in the soil

55
Q

Taproot

A

Roots of young trees usually replaced by the expansion of roots around it or diverted by the downward growth by unfavorable growing conditions from compacted soil. Few mature trees have taproots

56
Q

Root Crown/ Trunk Flare

A

Area where roots join the main stem

57
Q

Mycorrizhae

A

Roots that have symbiotic relationship with fungi. Present in nearly all soils and beneficial to plants.

58
Q

Photosynthates

A

Sugar products of photosynthesis. The building blocks of many compounds of the plant. Stored by the tree in form of starch for later use.

59
Q

Respiration

A

Process where carbs are converted into energy independent of light.

60
Q

Cell Turgor

A

Pressure of water inside the guard cells

61
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water through a membrane from a region of high water potential/ concentration to a region of lower potential.

62
Q

Source

A

Refers to leaves in terms of phloem transport

63
Q

Sink

A

Where carbs flow from areas of high concentration to lower concentration in phloem tranport. Sinks are plant parts that use more energy than they produce. Almost all plant parts are sinks at some point.

64
Q

Axial Transport

A

Longitudinal transport in xylem and phloem

65
Q

Radial Transport

A

Movement of water and nutrients within the tree between cells of different ages (primarily through rays)

66
Q

Plant Growth Regulators/ Hormones

A

Chemical messengers that act in small quantities to regulate plant growth and development.

67
Q

Auxins

A

Plant growth regulators linked to several developmental processes. Primarily found in shoot tips but also important in root development.

68
Q

Cytokinins

A

Plant growth regulator primary stored in roots but help shoot initiation and growth.

69
Q

Tropism

A

The directional growth of a plant in response to an external stimulus such as light and gravity.

70
Q

Geotropism

A

Plants response to gravitational pull

71
Q

Phototropism

A

Light affecting the direction of plant growth

72
Q

Decurrent Tree

A

Tree where lateral shoots outgrow the original terminal shoot resulting in a round head

73
Q

Excurrent Tree

A

Where apical shoots outgrow lateral shoots resulting in upright trees with strong central leaders

74
Q

Compartmentalization

A

The process by which trees can limit the spread of dysfunction, disease and decay.

75
Q

CODIT and its 4 walls

A

Compartmentalization of decay in trees.

Wall 1- resists longitudinal spread of decay organism by plugging xylem vessels or blocking pits in tracheids

Wall 2- resists inward spread by developing dense latewood cells and depositing special chemicals in said cells

Wall 3- inhibits lateral spread around the stem by activating the ray cells

3 walls = reaction zone

Wall 4- New wood tissue prevents outward spread (barrier zone)

Wall 1 is weakest, Wall 4 is strongest

76
Q

Shakes

A

Lengthwise separation of wood along the grain, usually between or through annual growth rings

77
Q

Temperate

A

Non tropical climate

78
Q

Buttress Roots

A

Roots at the trunk base that help support the tree and distribute mechanical stress

79
Q

Aerial Roots

A

Roots that come out of stems or branches above ground. They support the tree, help with gas exchange and propagation.

80
Q

Propagation

A

Creation of new plants

81
Q

Monocotyledon/ Monocots

A

Palm trees. More in common with grasses than eudicots. They don’t have a cambium or growth rings on xylem. Instead they have vascular bundles of phloem and xylem in strong, fibrous tissues, embedded in a matrix of parenchyma cells and interspersed within the stem. Stem is capable of storing starch in the parenchyma cells. They cannot repair wounds but more resistant to decay.

82
Q

Fronds

A

New leaves

83
Q

Inflorescences

A

Clusters of flowers on palms

84
Q

Root Initiation Zone

A

At the base of the stem

85
Q

Root Mat

A

Densely packed network of roots close to the stem in the upper foot of soil or above ground

86
Q

Taxonomy and its 2 purposes

A

The science of identifying, naming, and classifying organisms.
1. To help us communicate accurately about plants
2. To represent our understanding of how they are related to each other

87
Q

Phylum

A

Seperates most vascular plants with non vascular tissue plants

88
Q

Vascular Plants

A

Plants with xylem and phloem

89
Q

Order of classification starting with Kingdom

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (genus + specific epithet)

Kings play chess on flat gray stumps

90
Q

Nomemclature

A

Naming of plant

91
Q

Hybrid

A

The result of crossbreeding two different species or less commonly genera

92
Q

Subspecies

A

A naturally occurring, closely related group within a species that has distinctly different characteristics. Abbreviated “ssp.”

93
Q

Variety

A

Subdivision of species that has a trait different from the others and breeds true to that trait. Abbreviated “v.”

94
Q

Form

A

Similar to subspecies but differences are less obvious and more sporadic. These plants have different levels of cold hardiness or unique flower colors that appear randomly. Abbreviated “f.”

95
Q

Cultivar

A

Cultivated varieties that require human intervention (propogation) to maintain a trait. Abbreviated “cv.” The first letter in each cultivar name is capitalized

96
Q

Morphology

A

The size, shape, and external appearance of plant parts

97
Q

Pinnately Compound Lead

A

Has small leaflets arranged along the central leaf vein- similar to a feather

98
Q

Palmately Compound Leaf

A

Has small leaflets joined at a common center point on the leaf- like fingers on a hand

99
Q

Bipinnately Compound Leaf

A

Has a second order of smaller leaflets comprising each larger leaflet

100
Q

Leaf Margin

A

How the outer edge of the leaf is shaped

101
Q

Leaf base and Leaf apex

A

Base is bottom of the leaf closest to base of midrib, apex is the top

102
Q

Opposite Leaves

A

Two leaves emerging from the same node. Most fall into 4 genera (MAD Horse)- maple, ash, dogwood, horsechestnut

103
Q

Alternate Leaves

A

Single leaf at each node (most common)

104
Q

Whorled Leaves

A

3 or more leaves from the same node

105
Q

4 “S” words to identify spruce

A

Short, sharp, single, and square

106
Q

Leaf margins

A

Check 4/11/24 screenshot

107
Q

Physical properties of soil

A

How minerals are arranged, physical features of minerals, and how water moves through the soil

108
Q

Chemical properties of soil

A

Acidity, salinity, nutrient status

109
Q

Biological properties of soil

A

Fungi, bacteria, and other life forms

110
Q

Parent material (soil)

A

Underlying bedrock

111
Q

Soil horizons

A

Visible layers of soil oriented parallel to the surface caused by rainfall, leaching, heating and cooling, chemical reactions, biological activities, and accumulation of different elements and materials

112
Q

Soil profile

A

The nature, arrangement, depth and number of soil horizons

113
Q

The 5 major horizons of the soil profile

A

Organic layer,

114
Q

Organic layer (soil)- O horizon

A

A layer at the top of the soil profile that comprises organic material in various stages of composition. It provides a source of nutrients for plants and buffers the soil from climatic extremes.

115
Q

A horizon (soil)

A

Layer below the O horizon. Comprised of less than 20% organic matter and is biologically active. Contains most of the fine roots. Primarily inorganic matter but rich in organic matter which gives it its dark color.

116
Q

E horizon (soil)

A

When it exists, it is below the O and A horizons. It lacks organic matter and is a lighter color.

117
Q

B horizon (soil)

A

Is below the A horizon and E if it exists. It is an accumulation of materials that have leached with the surface mix with the soil particles from lower parent material.

118
Q

C horizon (soil)

A

Deepest layer just before the bedrock. Composed of partially weathered parent material. It is continually forming and changing physically, chemically and biologically.

119
Q

Organic matter

A

Consists of dead plant and animal material in various stages of decomposition. A majority of organic matter comes from fine root decomposition. It shrinks and swells which helps form pore space. Some organic matter binds to larger groups of soil particles which form better soil structure. Soil organisms improve aeration, soil structure and fertility.

120
Q

Loam

A

Refers to a soil texture that is a balance of sand, silt, and clay (less clay than sand and silt). It is favorable for plant growth

121
Q

Soil Aggregates

A

Clumped together soil particles

122
Q

Soil structure

A

The shape, size, strength and arrangement of soil aggragates.

Arborist Cert (1 decks)

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