Arch 1 Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
The IT Architecture has four components. Which of the following is not a component?
A. Architect
B. Architecture
C. Systems
D. Architecture methods
A
Systems
2
Q
In the data architecture, there are three key operations. Which of the following is not a key operation on the data?
A. Data acquisition
B. Data formation
C. Data analysis
D. Data delivery
A
Data formation
3
Q
Choose the right answer from the follow to fill the gaps. The information system of an enterprise is a collection of activities that regulate the … and … of information and the storage of data that are relevant to the management of the enterprise.
A. Sharing, distribution
B. Operating, distribution
C. Sharing, formatting
D. Formatting and operating
A
Sharing, distribution
4
Q
Explain why the conceptual modelling (design) cannot be automated or helped by automatic tools
A
The design of information system is a complex activity, including the planning, specification, and development of each component of the system. The designers have the full responsibility for the process of understanding and transforming requirements into conceptual schemas.
5
Q
What are the key differences between conceptual model and logic model?
A
A conceptual data model is the highest level, and therefore the least detailed. A logical data model involves more detailed thinking about the implementation
Conceptual Model:
- Focus: Theoretical or abstract representation.
- Purpose: Understanding and visualizing complex concepts or systems.
- Level of Detail: High-level and abstract, less concerned with specific details and measurements.
Logic Model:
- Focus: Program planning, implementation, and evaluation.
- Purpose: Providing a structured framework for achieving program goals and objectives.
- Level of Detail: Detailed and specific, includes inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes, and indicators.
6
Q
Which one of the following is not a quality to measure the conceptual models?
A. Expressiveness
B. Simplicity
C. Performance
D. Formality
A
Performance
7
Q
Use an example to explain what minimal cardinality and maximal cardinality are in the ER model
A
Minimal cardinality of an attribute indicates the minimal number of attribute values associated with each entity or relationship instance. A minimal cardinality having value 0 means the attribute is optional. A minimal cardinality having value 1 means the attribute is mandatory.
Maximal cardinality indicates the maximal number of attribute values associated with each entity or relationship instance. A maximal cardinality having value 1 means the attribute is single-valued. A maximal cardinality having value greater than 1 means that the attribute is multi-valued.
8
Q
Which of the following is the right answer if there is a generalization relationship from Entity E1 to Entity E2.
A. All the instances of E1 belong to E2.
B. All the instances of E2 belong to E1.
C. E1 is the same as E2.
D. If an instance belongs to E2, it does not belong to E1.
A
All the instances of E1 belong to E2.
9
Q
Which of the following is not a construct of the Dataflow Diagram (DFD)?
A. Process
B. Entity
C. Dataflow
D. Interface
A
Entity
9
Q
Choose the right one from the following that gives the main elements of the (finite) state machines?
A. States and transitions
B. Workflow and process
C. State and process
D. Workflow and transition
A
States and transitions
10
Q
Explain what a dataflow is in the Dataflow Diagram (DFD).
A
Dataflow. is an exchange of information between processes. Dataflow does not represent flows of control, such as the activation of processes. Instead, they indicate packages of data that flow into or out of the processes.
11
Q
Explain what a process is in the Dataflow Diagram (DFD).
A
Process. It represents an activity within the information system. A process can generate, use, manipulate, and destroy information. When a process does not generate or destroy data, it transforms the data in the incoming flows into the data in the outgoing flows.
12
Q
Explain what a Data store is in the Dataflow Diagram (DFD).
A
Data store. It is a repository of data, including temporary files, look-up tables, paper forms, electronic forms, and permanent records. A line from data store to a process indicates that data from the store is used by the process. A line from a process to a data store means that the process changes the content of the store in some way.
13
Q
Explain what a interface/user is in the Dataflow Diagram (DFD).
A
Interface/user. It is an external user of the information system, who may be the originator and / or receiver of the dataflows or data stores.
14
Q
Which one of the following is not described in an objective (goal) model? (1)
A. Reasons
B. Goals
C. Problems
D. Processes
A
Processes
15
Q
Choose the right one from the following to fill the gaps. A stakeholder is an individual, team, or — with interests in, or — relative to a system. (1)
A. Organization, concerns
B. Organization, interests
C. Process, concerns
D. Processes, interests
A
Organization, concerns
16
Q
An enterprise architecture process consists of four steps. Which one of the following is not one of them? (1)
Design
Management
Programming
Use
A
Programming
17
Q
Briefly explain what an external driver is
A
External pressures
External drivers from regulatory authorities and other pressures necessitate companies to have a thorough insight into their structure and operations. All of these drivers make a clear case for the use of enterprise architecture.
18
Q
The Balanced scorecard (BSC) consists of four perspectives. Which of the following is not one of them?
Customer perspective
Data perspective
Financial perspective
Internal business process perspective
A
Data perspective
19
Q
In the Business Model Canvas (BMC), one of the seven parts is Customer relationships and Channels. Give three examples of the commonly used channels for an organization to contact customers. (2)
A
Front office, Tv, Web, Radio, Telephone, Newspaper, E-mail, Billboards, Postal mail, internet
20
Q
Following is the Zachman Framework. Give the attribute names of the first column and the second row.
A
What? & Owner
21
Q
In the IT architecture, the architect is the organization’s technology strategist. Briefly describe the reasons for this statement.
A
Because the architect works closely with stakeholders to build a holistic view of the organization’s strategies, processes, information, and IT assets.
They also ensure that technology strategies support business needs. They give context to the business’s technology projects and infrastructure. And they help the business to realize bottom line business value through technology.
22
Q
Choose the right answer from the following to fill the gaps. The information system of an enterprise is a collection of activities that regulate the … and … of information and the storage of data that are relevant to the management of the enterprise. (1)
sharing, distribution
operation, distribution
structure, distribution
format, sharing
A
sharing, distribution
23
Q
The conceptual design is independent from a particular DBMS. Briefly describe the advantages this feature generates.
A
The conceptual schema can survive a late decision to change the target DBMS.
If the DBMS or application requirements change, the conceptual schema can still be used as a starting point of new design activity.
Different databases, described through their conceptual schemas, can be compared in a homogeneous framework.
24
“Expressiveness” is a quality of conceptual models. Briefly explain it.
How well the model accurately and clearly describes complex ideas, relationships and information.
its represent complex real-world systems, including various concepts, relationships, and behaviors.
The real world is abundant in its variety and changes. A conceptual model must be able to express various concepts and their properties.
Expressiveness in conceptual models refers to their ability to comprehensively and accurately represent complex real-world systems, including various concepts, relationships, and behaviors. This quality is crucial for ensuring the model's effectiveness in understanding and decision-making processes.
25
Choose the right answer from the following to fill the gaps. There are two types of data models: … used in database design, and … supported by database management systems (DBMS).
Conceptual models, and logical models
Design models, and logical models
Entity models, and concept models
Process models, and static models
Conceptual models, and logical models
26
Use the ER modelling syntax (graphical notations) to draw the following statement: an employee has at least 1 address and at most n addresses and must have one unique employee ID.
Employee -------> Adress{1,n}
27
Choose the right answer from the following to fill the gaps. Digital workflows empower business users and IT to work together to rapidly modify … and … to reflect changes in the business (1)
Systems, organizations
Systems, processes
Processes, organizations
Businesses, processes
Systems, processes
28
Choose the right answer from the following to fill the gaps. Organizations use workflows to coordinate tasks between … and synchronize data between …, with the ultimate goal of improving organizational efficiency, responsiveness and profitability. (1)
people, systems
organizations, systems
people, organizations
systems, workers
people, systems
29
A fully functional digital workflow provides FOUR key benefits to a company. Give two of the benefits. (2)
Improved productivity
Process transparency
Faster business reaction time
Improved accountability.
30
Briefly explain what functional analysis is
Functional analysis is the systematic study of how a system's components work together to achieve its goals.
Functional analysis is the modelling of working activities within an enterprise. A function is simply a portion of the enterprise. Functional analysis concentrates on understanding how information is used by each function and how it is exchanged among the functions. Functional analysis is the first step toward the specification and design of application programs that operate on the database.
31
Explain what a dataflow is in the Dataflow Diagram (DFD)
Dataflow. is an exchange of information between processes. Dataflow does not represent flows of control, such as the activation of processes. Instead, they indicate packages of data that flow into or out of the processes.
32
Which one of the following is described in an objective (goal) model? (1)
entities
processes
workflows
opportunities
opportunities
33
Choose the right one from the following to fill the gap. An enterprise is any collection of … that have a common set of goals and/or a single bottom line. (1)
organizations
interests
problems
Ideas
organizations
34
An enterprise architecture process consists of FOUR steps. Give two of them.
Design, Management, Use, Idea
35
Use an EXAMPLE to explain what a stakeholder is.
Stakeholder: an individual, team, or organisation (or classes thereof) with interests in, or concerns relative to, a system. For example an investor.
36
The Financial perspective is focused on the … value created by the enterprise, entailing measures such as … value. (1)
customers, employee
business, shareholder
employees, user
business, customer
business, shareholder
37
Consider Dalarna University as an enterprise. Explain “Key partners” of the university using the Business Model Canvas (BMC).
Key partners: others with which the organisation cooperates in delivering value to its customers.
Kök Nyström, to make coffee and snacks for students to enjoy.
Learn, to have a platform for the programs and courses.
Sogeti/Atea etc, to have a good foundation from where “talents” comes from.
38
To deal with customers’ complaints is a part of the business process of a company, involving two or more departments of the company. Briefly illustrate the above business process part using the Business Process Modelling Notation (BPMN).
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39
An architecture of web services consists of three types of participants: Service Registry (Service Broker), Service Provider, and Service Requestor. Briefly describe what Service Registry is. (1)
Service brokers: who maintain a registry of advertised (published) services and might introduce service providers to service requestors
40
An IT system has many components. Which of the following is not a component? (1)
Storage
Databases
Users
Servers
Users
41
In the data architecture, there are three key operations. Which of the following is a key operation on the data? (1)
Data missing
Data formation
Data processing
Data discovery
Data processing
42
Choose the right answer from the following to fill the gaps. Databases are essential for the life of any organization, because ___ data are essential resources of all organizations. (1)
formatted
modelled
processed
structured
structured
43
Minimal cardinality of an attribute indicates the minimal number of attribute ___ associated with each entity or relationship ___. (1)
features, instance
values, property
features, property
values, instance
values, instance
44
Organizations use workflows to coordinate tasks between ___ and synchronize data between ___. (1)
people, groups
groups, systems
people, systems
tasks, people
people, systems
45
In a state machine, the states are the different combinations of information that a(n) ___ can hold and not how they behave. Choose the right one from the following. (1)
attribute
object
process
transition
object
46
Give one advantage of the feature that the conceptual design is independent from a particular DBMS and explain.
The conceptual schema can survive a late decision to change the target DBMS.
If the DBMS or application requirements change, the conceptual schema can still be used as a starting point of new design activity.
Different databases, described through their conceptual schemas, can be compared in a homogeneous framework.
47
Choose the right one from the following to fill the gaps. A stakeholder is an individual, team, or organization with ___ in, or ___ relative to a system. (1)
Interest, concerns
Organization, interests
Process, concerns
Processes, interests
Interest, concerns
48
In the Business Model Canvas (BMC), Value Proposition is one of the seven parts, which describes what ___ and ___ an organization has to offer to its different customers. (1)
activities, services
products, services
products, markets
objectives, measures
products, services
49
Stakeholders require specific ___ of an architecture that focus on their ___ and leave out unnecessary information. (1)
goals, concerns
views, actions
goals, actions
views, concerns
views, concerns
50
An ontology consists of five components. Which one of the following is not one of them? (1)
Services
Concepts
Axioms (and rules)
Attributes (and association)
Services
51
As tools, what are conceptual models used for?
Represent complex real-world systems, including various concepts, relationships and behaviors.
Conceptual models are tools for representing reality at a high level of abstraction.
Using conceptual models, one can build a description of reality that is easy to understand and interpret.
52
Simplicity is one of the qualities to measure the conceptual models. Give a brief explanation of simplicity.
Simplicity. A conceptual model must be simple so that a schema built using that model is easy to understand for the designers and users of the database application.
53
Expressiveness is one of the qualities to measure the conceptual models. Give a brief explanation of Expressiveness. (2)
How well the model accurately and clearly describes complex ideas, relationships and information.
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its represent complex real-world systems, including various concepts, relationships, and behaviors.
Expressiveness. The real world is abundant in its variety and changes. A conceptual model must be able to express various concepts and their properties.
54
Minimality is one of the qualities to measure the conceptual models. Give a brief explanation of Minimality. (2)
Minimality. A conceptual model must use a minimal set of conceptual constructs to represent the reality (each concept must distinctly represent a meaning).
55
Formality is one of the qualities to measure the conceptual models. Give a brief explanation of Formality.
Formality. It requires that all concepts of the model have a unique, precise, and well-defined interpretation.
56
Explain what functional analysis concentrates on.
Functional analysis is the modelling of working activities within an enterprise. A function is simply a portion of the enterprise.
Functional analysis is the systematic study of how a system's components work together to achieve its goals.
Functional analysis concentrates on understanding how information is used by each function and how it is exchanged among the functions. Functional analysis is the first step toward the specification and design of application programs that operate on the database.
57
In a Dataflow Diagram (DFD), explain what a process can do.
Process. It represents an activity within the information system. A process can generate, use, manipulate, and destroy information. When a process does not generate or destroy data, it transforms the data in the incoming flows into the data in the outgoing flows.
58
There are three ways to decompose a goal into sub-goals in an objective (goal) model. Give an example to illustrate how a goal is decomposed into subgoals by its components. (2)
Make profit
*Sell more products
*Save more materials
59
There are three ways to decompose a goal into sub-goals in an objective (goal) model. Give an example to illustrate how a goal is decomposed into subgoals by its functions. (2)
Learn more
* attend more lectures
* Do more exercises
60
There are three ways to decompose a goal into sub-goals in an objective (goal) model. Give an example to illustrate how a goal is decomposed into subgoals by its sementics. (2)
Happy employees
* happy staff members
* happy managers
61
An enterprise architecture is both a process and a product. Describe what is the use of an architecture as a product.
It guides managers in designing business processes and system developers in building applications that align with business objectives and policies.
62
Give an example of an external driver and briefly explain it.
External pressures
External drivers from regulatory authorities and other pressures necessitate companies to have a thorough insight into their structure and operations. All of these drivers make a clear case for the use of enterprise architecture.
GDPR
63
The Balanced scorecard (BSC) proposes a three-layer structure for its four perspectives.
Describe what the customer perspective is and how to measure it.
The Customer perspective asks how the enterprise should appear to its customers, with measures like customer satisfaction.
64
Draw a Business Process Modelling Notation (BPMN) model to describe a process of a customer registering as a member of a company, involving two departments of the company. (2)
Bild i doc
65
IT social impacts involve many aspects of our society, for example, climate change and health care. Which one of the following is not an IT social impact? (1)
Sustainable energy consumption
Smart GP (medical doctors)
Smart phones
Smart kitchen
Smart phones
66
Choose one right answer from the following to fill the gaps. Database Management Systems (DBMS) are software packages for managing databases, for ___, ___, and ___ data on a computer system. (1)
Storing, manipulating, retrieving
Modelling, manipulating, storing
Formatting, storing, retrieving
processed
Storing, manipulating, retrieving
67
In the Entity Relationship model, N-ary relationships connect __ entities. Choose one right answer from the following to fill the gaps. (1)
Less than two
More than two
Less than one
None
More than two
68
Each state diagram typically begins with a dark circle that indicates the ___ state and ends with a bordered circle that denotes the ___ state. Choose the right one from the following to fill the gaps. (1)
initial, final
first, second
primary, secondary
important, insignificant
initial, final
69
A fully functional digital workflow provides four key benefits to a company. Which one of the following is a right key benefit? (1)
longer working hours
improved company culture
improved accountability
improved market
improved accountability
70
Functional analysis concentrates on understanding how ___ is used by each function. Choose the right one from the following to fill the gap. (1)
Information
model
database
process
Information
71
If the DBMS or application requirements ___, the conceptual schema can still be used as a starting point of ___ design activity. Choose the right one from the following to fill the gaps. (1)
Keep, new
Change, existing
Keep, existing
Change, new
Change, new
72
Choose the right one from the following to fill the gaps. Stakeholders will be influenced by their particular ___ in the observed enterprise, that is, their ___. (1)
interest, concerns
goals, concerns
interest, actions
goals, actions
interest, concerns
73
Choose the right one from the following to fill the gaps. In the Business Model Canvas (BMC), Cost structure describes the ___ view of the ___ employed by the organization. (1)
financial, models
financial, means
customers, means
employees, means
financial, means
74
An enterprise architecture is a coherent whole of ___, ___, and ___ that are used in the design and realization of an enterprise’s organizational structure, business processes, information systems, and infrastructure. Choose one right answer from the following to fill the gaps. (1)
principles, methods, and models
principles, objectives, and processes
goals, processes, and models
methods, processes, and models
principles, methods, and models
75
An ontology consists of five components. Give two components and explain them.
Concepts: Fundamental classes or entities in a domain, representing groups of things with similar attributes or behaviors.
Properties relationships: Characteristics and features that define or relate concepts, showing how entities are connected or interact.
Attributes associations: Specific details or characteristics of concepts, and the ways in which they are linked or associated.
Axioms rules: Fundamental principles and guidelines that govern the structure and behavior of the ontology's elements.
Nominals individuals: Specific instances or particular examples of the broader concepts, representing real-world objects or entities.
76
Use an example to explain a stakeholder and an example.
Stakeholder: an individual, team, or organisation (or classes thereof) with interests in, or concerns relative to, a system. For example an investor.
77
The typical information system’s lifecycle breaks down into a number of steps. Describe briefly at least two of such steps.
Feasibility Study: Evaluating project viability, costs, benefits, and risks to decide if it should proceed.
Requirement Collection and Analysis: Gathering and analyzing user and system requirements to define what the system must accomplish.
Design: Creating the system's architecture, including hardware, software, network, and user interfaces.
Prototyping: Developing an early version of the system for user feedback and iterative refinement.
Implementation: Building and configuring the final system based on the completed design and prototype.
Validation and Testing: Ensuring the system meets all specifications and requirements, and performs as expected.
Operation: Deploying the system into a live environment for actual use.
78
Use an example to briefly explain Attributes in the Entity Relationship model.
Attributes. Attributes represent elementary properties of entities or relationships. All the extensional information is carried by attributes. For example, attributes of PERSON are: NAME, PERSON_NUMBER, JOB, HOME_ADDRESS.
79
Minimality is one of the qualities to measure the conceptual models. Give a brief explanation of minimality. (2)
Minimality. A conceptual model must use a minimal set of conceptual constructs to represent the reality (each concept must distinctly represent a meaning).
80
In a Dataflow Diagram (DFD), explain what a data store can do.
Data store. It is a repository of data, including temporary files, look-up tables, paper forms, electronic forms, and permanent records. A line from data store to a process indicates that data from the store is used by the process. A line from a process to a data store means that the process changes the content of the store in some way.
81
Give an example of an internal driver and briefly explain it.
The company’s culture (formed by its people and leadership).
Architecture guides an organisation through a planned course of development.
Enterprise Architecture provides an understanding of the enterprise’s interconnections with the outside world (customers, suppliers, partners)
82
The Balanced scorecard (BSC) proposes a three-layer structure for its four perspectives. Describe what the Learning and Growth perspective is and how to measure it. (2)
The Learning and Growth perspective addresses the corporate and individual ability to change and improve, which is critical to any knowledge-intensive organization. Employee satisfaction, skills and productivity can be used for measuring.
83
Draw an Entity Relationship model to describe customer registering as member of a company, involving employees from two different departments of the company. (2)
Bild i doc
84
In the process architecture, there are four activities. Which one of the following is not such an activity? (1)
Create products
Develop products
Understand process models
Deliver products
Understand process models
85
Database is just one ___ of information systems. Choose the right one from the following to fill the gap. (1)
component
idea
model
task
component
86
The designers have the full ___ the process of understanding and transforming requirements into conceptual schemas. Choose the right one from the following to fill the gap. (1)
interest in
responsibility for
view of
none of the above
responsibility for
87
Conceptual models are tools for representing ___ at a high level of ___. Choose the right one from the following to fill the gaps. (1)
reality, abstraction
reality, details
ideas, abstraction
ideas, details
reality, abstraction
88
Workflows ___ the flow of employee tasks and activities. Choose the right one from the following to fill the gap. (1)
remove
add
automate
create
automate
89
Functional analysis is the modelling of working ___ with an enterprise. Choose the right one from the following to fill the gap. (1)
activities
data
cases
groups
activities
90
The conceptual schema can ___ a late decision to change the target DBMS. Choose the right one from the following to fill the gap. (1)
make
ignore
follow
survive
survive
91
Choose the right one from the following to fill the gaps. Stakeholders will be ___ by their particular interest in the observed enterprise, that is, their ___. (1)
influenced, concerns
disturbed, concerns
used, actions
influenced, actions
influenced, concerns
92
Choose the right one from the following to fill the gaps. In the Business Model Canvas (BMC), Key partners are the others with which the organization ___ in delivering values to its ___. (1)
deals, customers
cooperates, customers
copes, services
fight, services
cooperates, customers
93
An enterprise is any collection of ___ that have a common set of goals and/or a single bottom line. (1)
organizations
employees
customers
stakeholders
organizations
94
“Concepts” is one of the five components of ontology. Explain what “Concepts” is and give an example.
Concepts: Fundamental classes or entities in a domain, representing groups of things with similar attributes or behaviors.
Example FORDON,olika typer av fordon, personbil, lastbil....
95
Explain what a stakeholder is. And give an example of stakeholders.
Stakeholder: an individual, team, or organisation (or classes thereof) with interests in, or concerns relative to, a system. For example an investor.
96
Briefly explain what Data Model is. (2)
Data model. A data model is a collection of concepts that can be used to describe a set of data and operations to manipulate the data.
97
Use an example to briefly explain Cardinalities of an attribute in the Entity Relationship model. (2)
In a 'Library system’, a 'Book' entity might have a '1-to-many' cardinality with a 'Loan' entity, indicating that one book can be loaned many times, but each loan is for only one book at a time.
98
Explain what a composite attribute is. (2)
Composite attribute is an attribute that can be subdivided into smaller sub-attributes.
For example, the composite attribute ADDRESS denotes the group of attributes STREET, POST_CODE, POST_AREA, CITY, and COUNTRY.
Composite attributes are represented as ovals. Minimal and maximal cardinalities also apply to composite attributes with the same definitions given for elementary attributes.
99
Give an example of Objective (goal) Model. (2)
Objective: Reduce energy costs by 30% within two years. Goals: Implement energy-efficient lighting. Measure through monthly energy bills and efficiency reports.
100
Give an example of an external driver and briefly explain it. (2)
External pressures
External drivers from regulatory authorities and other pressures necessitate companies to have a thorough insight into their structure and operations. All of these drivers make a clear case for the use of enterprise architecture.
GDPR
101
The Balanced scorecard (BSC) proposes a three-layer structure for its four perspectives. Describe what the Customer perspective is and how to measure it. (2)
The Customer perspective asks how the enterprise should appear to its customers, with measures like customer satisfaction.
102
What is a conceptual model?
A model which represents a small part of reality without knowing concrete data values. Concept models describe objects (types) and their properties.
103
What is the most popular conceptual model?
ER diagram which describes entities their relationships to other entities and their attributes.
104
What is a process model?
A process model consists of a starting node (event) and an ending node with other events and activities arranged between these nodes.
105
How can requirements be represented?
Goals can be broken down to sub goals, problems, hinders and Opportunities.
106
Name three concept modelling methods.
ER (Entity Relation model)
DFD (Data flow diagram)
OM (Objectives model)
107
What is an Information system of an enterprise?
A collection of activities that regulate the sharing and distribution of information and the storage of data.
108
What is a database?
Any large collection of structured data stored in a computer system. Databases are managed by DBMS which store manipulate and retrieve data on a computer system.
109
Why are databases essential for organizations?
Structured data is an essential resource for all organisations.
110
What is the typical breakdown of an information systems lifecycle?
Feasibility study.
Requirement collection and analysis.
Design.
Prototyping. -> back to 2
Implementation.
Validation and testing.
Operation.
111
Why can conceptual modelling not be helped by automatic tools?
Its to complex and including planning, specification and development.
112
What are the advantages of having a conceptual schema / design?
Can survive late change of the target and can be used as a starting point for a new activity.
113
Define a data model.
Collection of concepts to describe data set and operations, for manipulating the data.
114
What are the two types of data models?
Conceptual models and logical models.
115
What is the difference between a conceptual model and a logical model?
A conceptual data model is the highest level, and therefore the least detailed. A logical data model involves more detailed thinking about the implementation
116
How do you define a schema?
A representation of a specific portion of reality built using a particular data model.
117
What are the four qualities to measure the conceptual models?
Expressiveness. (Ability to express concepts and properties)
Simplicity. (Easy to understand)
Minimality. (Each concept must distinctly represent a meaning)
Formality. (All concepts have a well-defined interpretation)
118
What are the basic concepts provided by the ER model?
Entities (Classes of real-world objects) (rectangle)
Relationships (aggregation of two or more entities) (diamond)
Attributes (properties of entities or relationships)
119
What is the term for a relationship that connects more than two entities?
N-ary relationship
120
What is the term for a recursive relationship that connects an entity to itself?
Rings
121
What characterises both ER relationships and attributes?
Minimal and maximal cardinality (mapping constraints)
122
What is the term for inheritance in ER and how can it be represented?
Generalisation: student -> person. Student IS-A person
123
ER. What is the opposite of generalisation?
Specialisation.
124
ER. What are composite attributes?
A group of attribute. Address is made up of street city postcode and country.
Example: Adress--> postcode, country......
125
ER. What are identifiers?
All the attributes of an entity
126
ER. What are the three types of classification abstraction?
Entity: a class of real-world objects.
Relationship: a class of atomic facts that relate two or more entities.
Attribute: a class of values representing atomic properties.
127
What is a process?
A sequence of activities or a series of states
128
What four key benefits can a digital workflow provide to a company?
Improved productivity
Process transparency
Faster business reaction time
Improved accountability
129
What are the three different types of workflows?
Sequential workflow: one stage to next can’t go back
State machine: state to state. Can return to previous state.
Rules driven workflow: based on sequential workflow where rules dictate progress of digital workflow.
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What is a state machine?
Anything that can have different states.
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What are the main elements that state diagram depicts and how are they represented?
Beginning (initial state): Dark circle
States: rectangles with rounded corners
Transitions: Arrows between states
End (final state): Dark circle with border
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What is a DFD (data flow diagram) used for?
Mapping out the flow of information for any process or system.
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Why is functional analysis important?
Important in the mapping from conceptual schema to logical schema.
Useful for conceptual database design as it allows us to verify the completeness of the database.
It helps us to create a procedural view of the way the database is used.
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What is the result of functional analysis?
A functional schema which contains a representation of activities, information flows and other features. A DFD is a functional schema.
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What four concepts are supported by DFD?
Process: an activity that can generate, use, manipulate and destroy information
Dataflow: exchange of information.
Data store: repository of data
Interface / user: external user
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DFD. Give some examples of an external agent.
Office, department, division
External organization or agency
Another business or IS
An end user or manager.
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DFD. Give some examples of the data stored in a data store.
Persons
Places
Objects
Events
Concepts
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DFD. What is a composite data flow?
A data flow that consists of other data flows. This can be represented using a decomposition diagram such as a hierarchy chart.
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DFD. What is process Decomposition?
The act of breaking a system down into more detailed sub components.
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DFD. What is the difference between a data attribute and a data structure?
A data attribute is the smallest piece of data that has meaning to a user or business. A data structure is a specific arrangement of data attributes that defines an instance of a data flow.
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Why is it important to know the users perspectives?
Because we need to know the user requirements (goals, problems, opportunities, solutions ) which allows us to know what is required to be done and whether the requirements are being reached.
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What are the connections in an objectives model?
A goal / problem leads to another goal.
A problem hinders the achievement of another goal.
A problem can be solved through an opportunity.
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When should you stop breaking goals down into subgoals?
When we start describing tasks or functional requirements.
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What does an OM describe?
Reasons and motivations for developing an information system.
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What are some internal drivers of enterprise architecture?
The company’s culture (formed by its people and leadership)
Employee morale and engagement: The motivation and satisfaction levels of the workforce.
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What are the four perspectives of the BSC?
Customer perspective (how the enterprise should appear to is customers)
Financial perspective (value propagation)
Internal business process perspective (effectiveness and efficiency)
Learning and growth perspective (ability to change and improve)
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BSC: What are the three layers which should be considered for each perspective?
Mission
Objectives
Measures
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What is the Zachman framework?
The intersection between the roles in the design process (planer, owner, designer builder) and the product abstractions (what material it is made of, how it works (process), where the components are relative to one another)
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What is BPMN?
its a model to show business processes in term of their activities and relationships.
Its a model to provide a uniform notation for modelling business processes in terms of their activities and their relationships.
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What four needs can be categorised in respect to the architecture life cycle?
Design
Communication
Realisation
Change
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What is the BSC?
it helps an enterprise to clarify and implement its vision and strategy.
The balanced scorecard (BSC) is a strategic planning and management system.
Organizations use BSCs to: Communicate what they are trying to accomplish.
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In the owl language what are the constructs?
Class (Thing, Nothing)
rdfs:subClassOf
rdfs:Property
rdfs:subPropertyOf
rdfs:domain
rdfs:range
Individual
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In the owl language what are the property characteristics?
ObjectProperty
DatatypeProperty
inverseOf
TransitiveProperty
SymmetricProperty
FunctionalProperty
InverseFunctionalProperty
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What is the approach used for designing a database?
Use conceptual models to produce a high-level description of reality.
Translate the conceptual schema into a logical schema.
