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Archaelogy Key Terms > Archaelogy Test 1 > Flashcards

Archaelogy Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Culture

A

The complex that includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, customs and other habits. -Tyler 1871

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2
Q

Holistic

A

Humans are more than sums of their part

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3
Q

Define Ethnocentrism

A

A form of racism
“One culture is superior than another one.”

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4
Q

Define Archaeology

A

The study of human history through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts or other physical remains.

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5
Q

Define Cultural Relativism

A

Different cultures need to be understood on their own terms.

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6
Q

Define Extreme Relativism

A

The saying “anything goes.”
Judging the moral or ethical of a group or person has no meaning at all.

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7
Q

Define Synchronic and Dachronic

A

Synchronic- one point in time
Dachronic- two or more points in time

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8
Q

Define Ecofacts

A

Not made by people but contributes to an understanding of a site. For example animal carcasses.

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9
Q

Define Assemblage

A

A group of artifacts found together.

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10
Q

Define Conceptual

A

Abstract questions or questions that are harder to grapple. For example measuring community.

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11
Q

Define Artifacts

A

Anything that was made or used by humans and is portable.

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12
Q

Define Taphonomy

A

What happens to the remains after something dies.

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13
Q

Define Copolite

A

Fossilized feces

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14
Q

Define Features and Regions and Sites

A

Features: a non portable artifact
Regions: archaeological regions
Sites: Spatial clusters of artifacts and features

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15
Q

Stenos laws/ principals of stratigraphy

A

Stratigraphy: look at layers of rocks and how they form.
Law of superposition
L of original horizontality
L of Cross- cutting
L of lateral continuity

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16
Q

Define Uniformitarianism

A

Natural laws have always operated and apply everywhere.

17
Q

Unilinear Evolutionary Model

A

C.J. Thomsens age system
Stone-bronze-Iron
Savagery-Barbarism-civilization

18
Q

Define Historical Particularism

A

Approach to understanding culture and cultural changes of a specific populations of people.

19
Q

What is Direct historical approach?

A

Extrapolating backwards into the past from a known historical period by studying a site with known historical occupations and then excavating it to establish prehistoric activity.

20
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

Empiracle method of acquiring knowledge, involves careful observation, skepticism, and the use of testing and experimentation.

21
Q

Define EthnoArchaeology

A

The use of sociocultural and archaeological research methods to determine how archaeological sites are created by people.

22
Q

Define Behavioral archaelogy

A

Expands upon the archaeology in regards to human behavior.

23
Q

How are Sites formed?

A

Humans leave traces and alter the environment
Humans abandon or discard tools
Reconstructing past past environments
Primarily based on modern environments

24
Q

Define Site catchment analysis

A

Look at the environment
Study the animals and vegetation.

25
Q

Paleoecological Data

A

Soils, sediments and ice cores
Ecofacts. Pack rat middens.
Different data sources, different limitations , small animals are more susceptible to environmental change.

26
Q

Define Sampling

A

A way to explicitly take a portion of the whole available data for study.
Unethical to take everything as well as other economic reasons.
Only need about 10-15 mg

27
Q

What is the conservation method?

A

Don’t dig if you don’t have to.
Very small scale 1cm

28
Q

Define Reconnaissance

A

The scouting of an area.

29
Q

What is Pedestrian Survey?

A

Walking on foot and looking for sites or areas.

30
Q

What is site mapping?
Surface collection?

A

Mapping a site so that you can find it again.
Surface collection-collecting sample of artifacts from the surface

31
Q

Define Excavation

A

Means by which archaeologists collect data.
Many arguments against excavation.
Context and Association are important!
Crappy data = crappy interpretations

32
Q

Differentiate Context and Association

A

Context is the broader environment.
Association is how the items are connected.

33
Q

Describe the scientific method and identify the ways that it differs from pseudoscience. How have racism and ethnocentrism influenced archaeological research and interpretations?

A
34
Q

How is sampling important to archaeology? Why don’t archaeologists collect and analyze everything?

A
35
Q

Explain what context and association are and why they are so important to archaeology. How do archaeologists preserve information related to the context and association of artifacts/ecofacts and features?

A
36
Q

Past cultures must be understood within the context of their wider environments. How do archaeologists reconstruct these aspects of the past?

A

Archaelogy Key Terms (2 decks)

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