Archeology Final

Question 1

Glacial extent

Answer 1

a period of time where certain parts of the land are covered in ice, which sculpts and forms the land beneath it, and moves earth materials

Question 2

Palaeolithic period

Answer 2

start of humans in North America until 8000 BC

Question 3

Laurentide Ice Sheet

Answer 3

glacier that covered almost all of Canada until around 18 to 10,000 BC

Question 4

Bering Land Bridge

Answer 4

a theory of how people originally got to North America, where they traveled over from Russia through land that connected Russia and modern day Alaska, after the sea levels in this area dropped enough 33,000 BC

Question 5

Kelp hypothesis

Answer 5

a theory of how people originally arrived in North America, where they traveled along kelp in the Pacific Ocean from South East Asia

Question 6

Solutrean hypothesis

Answer 6

a theory that people originally came to North America from Europe, travelling along packs of ice in the Atlantic Ocean

Question 7

Ceruti Mastodon site (San Diego, USA)

Answer 7

mammoth bones dating to 130,000 years ago that were smashed by humans with rock weapons, earliest evidence of humans in North America

Question 8

Earliest clear and undisputed evidence of humans in North America

Answer 8

around 10 or 12,000 BC, after a period of warming in Greenland

Question 9

Chiquihuite Cave (Mexico)

Answer 9

evidence of humans from the last glacial interval in North America in 30,000 BC

Question 10

Lake Otero Basin

Answer 10

site in New Mexico where they found fossilized footprints dating 21,000 BC

Question 11

Clovis culture

Answer 11

one of the oldest North American civilizations, lived in the time of mammoths

Question 12

Cactus Hill

Answer 12

site in Virginia, likely pre-dates the Clovis civilization

Question 13

Gault

Answer 13

site in Texas where artifacts dated 18,000 BC were found

Question 14

Swan Point

Answer 14

site in Alaska that shows evidence of immigration from Japan and Siberia

Question 15

Squash / Cucurbits / Pumpkin

Answer 15

originally hollowed out and used to carry water

Question 16

Common bean

Answer 16

domesticated in North America 6000 BC

Question 17

Chenopodium berlandieri

Answer 17

seeds native to Ontario and USA

Question 18

Natural corn / maize

Answer 18

native to Mexico since 7000 BC, became the main food source later on

Question 19

Cacao

Answer 19

native to Mesoamerica 2000 BC

Question 20

Mesoamerica period

Answer 20

8000 to 2000 BC

Question 21

4.2-kiloyear event

Answer 21

2200 BC, massive worldwide period of extreme drying (East NA), while some other areas had massive flooding (West NA)

Question 22

Cerro de las Conchas shell mound

Answer 22

site in Mexico, one of the earliest sites in Mesoamerica, dating back to around 5000 BC

Question 23

Basketmakers cultures

Answer 23

cultures native to South West USA (4 corners) who were defined by their ability to make baskets, later became the Pueblo people

Question 24

Early pre classic period

Answer 24

2000 to 1000 BC, earliest evidence of agriculture and maize use as a staple

Question 25

4 corner states

Answer 25

Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico

Question 26

Olmec civilizations

Answer 26

group of people located in Southern Mexico, known for their stone architecture and sculptures, pre-dated Mayans, Aztecs, and Teotihuacan

Question 27

Teotihuacan

Answer 27

largest Mayan site, known for it’s massive population and cultural significance

Question 28

Urbanization (Teotihuacan)

Answer 28

Teotihuacan was well known for the complex city design and massive urbanization

Question 29

3 main temple pyramids of Teotihuacan

Answer 29

Sun temple, Moon temple, and Feathers Serpent temple

Question 30

Ceramics (Teotihuacan)

Answer 30

Teotihuacan had advanced ceramic plates, bowls, cups, and vases

Question 31

Artifacts (Teotihuacan)

Answer 31

Teotihuacan had incense burning sculptures that were used to light courtyards and also as offerings at graveyards for the dead

Question 32

Obsidian trade (Teotihuacan)

Answer 32

Teotihuacan was located near main obsidian sources, which they used their political system to trade through large networks, these networks spanned all of Southern Mexico as well as parts of Belize and Guatemala

Question 33

Teotihuacan collapse (year)

Answer 33

around 600

Question 34

Theories to the end of Teotihuacan

Answer 34

- Invasion: from another society (like Tikal), because of their power and influence - Droughts: that happened in 800 in Mesoamerica, it was been hard to support large population - Economic decline: they couldn’t hold their trade network outpost cities because they were too far - Revolt: the citizens revolted agains the political leaders for being greedy with resources

Question 35

Mayan culture (year + location)

Answer 35

formed around 0 and ended in 1500, though most Mayan cities fell in 900, in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala

Question 36

Mayans innovations

Answer 36

365-day calendar, hieroglyph language, stone architecture, mathematics, and the idea of ‘0’

Question 37

Divine kingship

Answer 37

Mayan belief where their kings were seen as god or chosen by gods

Question 38

Tikal

Answer 38

Mayan city state, one of the largest sites in Mesoamerica, one of the most powerful kingdoms in ancient Maya, collapsed in 900

Question 39

Palenque

Answer 39

small Mayan city in Mexico, that was built on higher elevation land, known for beautiful sculptures and architecture

Question 40

Altun Ha

Answer 40

small Mayan site in Belize

Question 40

Caracol

Answer 40

large Mayan site in Belize, that used water reservoirs and low density urbanism

Question 41

Chichen Itza

Answer 41

large Mayan site in Mexico on the Yucatan Peninsula, where they played a hip-ball game on a large court

Question 42

Cabo

Answer 42

large Mayan city in Mexico on the Yucatan Peninsula, largest network of stone roads

Question 43

Collapse of Maya

Answer 43

the Mayan society collapsed in the 800-900s, likely because of drought, the Mayans who survived were later eliminated in the Spanish Conquest in 1519

Question 44

Mississippian period

Answer 44

1000-1500, defined by pottery with mussel shells, the domestication of corn allowed people to eat more and expand more, people started following the rivers and building sites around them, sites concentrated in South East USA

Question 45

Mound groups

Answer 45

tall man-made mounds made out of dirt and ground materials, used to cover plazas or storage areas

Question 46

Carson

Answer 46

site in Mississippi with many large and small earthen mounds

Question 47

Moundville Park

Answer 47

site in Alabama where they built structures on top of their mounds

Question 48

Etowah

Answer 48

site in Georgia with many mounds, people had individual houses, they also used palisade walls (tall wooden fences)

Question 49

Cahokia

Answer 49

site in Illinois, largest metropolitan city north of Mexico, dependent highly on agriculture

Question 50

Palaeolithic sites

Answer 50

- Ceruti Mastodon site: San Diego, USA, 130,000 years - Chiquihuite Cave: Mexico, 32,000 years - Lake Otero Basin: New Mexico, 23,000 years - Cactus Hill: Virginia - Gault: Texas, 20,000 years - Swan Point: Alaska

Question 51

Mayan sites

Answer 51

- Tikal: Mexico, collapsed 900 - Palenque: Mexico - Caracol: Belize - Altun Ha: Belize - Cabo: Mexico

Question 52

Mississippian sites

Answer 52

- Carson: Mississippi - Moundville Park: Alabama - Etowah: Georgia - Cahokia: Illinois