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Appendicular Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Pattern Recognition > Archeology, muscles and simple biomechanics > Flashcards

Archeology, muscles and simple biomechanics Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

Arthrology

A

Study of joints:
Anatomy
Functions
Dysfunction/disease
Treatment

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2
Q

What are joints?

A

Where 2 or more bones or cartilage and bone meet.

Function
- flexibility movement
- attachment between bones

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3
Q

Joint categories and 3 main types

A
  • synovial joint- separated by a cavity
  • solid/fixed- bones held together by connective tissue
  • fibrous joints
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
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4
Q

Connective tissue: skeletal muscle

A

Movement and joint stabilisation

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5
Q

Connective tissue: fibrous tissue

A

Forms joint capsule, muscle fascia and tendons

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6
Q

Connective tissue: Tendon

A

Continuation of muscle into bone, transmission of forces

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7
Q

Connective tissue: Ligament

A

Binds bones together for stability

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8
Q

Connective tissue: Cartilage

A

3 types
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

Function
- provide support and strength
- development growth of bones
- smooth, reduced friction surface at joints

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9
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Groups of chondrocytes in a solid/dense matrix
- found on end of long bones in synovial/cartilaginous joint
- forms part of the trachea, larynx and bronchi
- it keeps the airway open

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10
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Dense groups of inelstic collagen fibres interspersed with chondrocytes
- tough slightly flexible

Found in
- intervertebral disc
- Meniscus of the knee
- rim of shoulder/ hip joint

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11
Q

Elastic Fibrocartilage

A

Not associated with joints
Chondrocytes lie within solid matrix of elastic fibres
- flexible tissue providing shape/ support

Found in
- pinna (ear love)
- epiglottis
- Tunica media of blood vessels

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12
Q

Solid joints

A

Bones are connected by either:
Dense fibrous connective tissue
Cartilage (mainly fibrocartilage)

Function predominantly for strength/support

Movement much more restricted than synovial joints

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13
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Syn-arthro-ses; together-joint-movement

Allow virtually no movement
Bones joined by strong fibrous tissue

3 Types of fibrous joints:
Sutures;
Gomphoses;
Syndesmoses;

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14
Q

Sutures

A

Only occur in the skull

Individual skull vault bones linked by strong connective tissue called sutural ligaments (sharpey’s fibres)

Interlocking ‘teeth’ give added strength

Wider in young children resulting in ‘soft spots called fontanelles which fuse in first year

allow minimal movement and changing shape of skull until age of approximately 20; birth and growth

becoming more fixed and immoveable and fuse by 6th decade

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15
Q

gomphoses

A

Occur between the teeth (not bone) and mandible bone

Short collagen fibres in periodontal ligament join the tooth root and bone socket in mandible

very minimal movement; over time

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16
Q

syndesmoses

A

variable but minimal movement

Bones Held together by interosseous ligament/ membrane

Examples include:
distal tibia/fibula
Distal radius/ulna
Ligamentum flavum in spine

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17
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Virtually no / minimal movement

Bones joined by layer of cartilage (fibro- or hyaline cartilage)

Permanent joints all in midline

2 types of cartilaginous joints:
Primary: Synchondrosis
Secondary: Symphysis

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18
Q

synchondroses

A

Connected by hyaline cartilage
No/very minimal movement

Examples include
Permanent:
sterno-costal joint of 1st rib
Sacro-coccygeal joint

Temporary:
between metaphysis and physeal plates of a growing long bone (no movement)

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19
Q

Physeal (growth plates)

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A

Classed as primary synchondroses – joined by hyaline cartilage

Joint between:
Metaphysis/diaphysis and epiphysis of long bone
primary and secondary ossification centres

No movement

Allows increase in bone length; endochondral ossification

Fuses with skeletal maturity

20
Q

Physeal (growth plates) zones

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A

Reserve/germinal zone: resting daughter chondrocyte cells next to epiphysis

Proliferative zone: undergo rapid mitosis controlled by growth hormone

Hypertrophic zone: chondrocytes enlarge by taking on glycogen, lipids, and alkaline phosphatase

Provisional zone of calcification/ossification: chondrocytes apoptose (die) and calcify

Zone of ossification: osteoblasts/clasts in metaphysis replace calcification with bone

21
Q

symphyses

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A

Variable (but fairly minimal) movement

Ends of Bones covered in hyaline cartilage
joined by fibrocartilage disc
strengthened by surrounding ligaments

Occur in midline

Examples include:
intervertebral discs between vertebrae in spine
symphysis pubis in pelvis

22
Q

Intervertebral discs

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A

Inferior / superior endplates of vertebrae covered by thin layer of hyaline cartilage

Joined by fibrocartilage disc

connected to vertebrae though strong fine collagen fibres (sharpey’s fibres)

Compressible and strong

Roles include:
Shock absorber
hold vertebrae together
Permits minimal movement (rotation/flexion/extension/sideways bending)

Increase in size from superior to inferior

23
Q

Intervertebral discs: Fibrocartilage disc formed of:

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A

Anulus fibrosis:
outer fibrocartilage and collagen ring
arranged in lamellar (onion skin) layeRS

Nucleus pulposis:
gelatinous centre
Dehydrates and shrinks as we age

24
Q

Synovial joints

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A

Main classification of joints; where most movement occurs
Movement varies according to type of synovial joint
Highly specialised according to required function

Basic structure includes:
End of bones covered by protective layer of articular (hyaline) cartilage
Space in between layers of cartilage filled with synovial fluid
Bones joined by Surrounding fibrous capsule continuous with periosteum
Capsule lined by synovial membrane which secretes lubricating fluid

25
Synovial joint components: Main features + Accessory structures
Main features Joint cavity Two bones Hyaline cartilage Joint capsule Synovial membrane Fibrous capsule Synovial fluid Accessory structures Menisci (articular discs) Fat pads Bursae Synovial sheaths Tendons / muscles Ligaments Sesamoid bones
26
Bones / Hyaline cartilage
Two opposing bones covered by hyaline (articular cartilage) Prevent bone-on-bone contact Protection and reduced friction Normally not seen on X-ray (joint space) Thickness dependent on forces acting on joint Thinning caused by arthritis
27
Synovial membrane
Lines inner part of joint capsule enclosing joint cavity between edges of hyaline cartilage Does not cover articulating surfaces (i.e. where cartilage present) Pink (highly vascular) Smooth, slippery membrane Produces synovial fluid Helps to remove debris from joint as derived from monocyte cells Also found in outside joints in synovial sheaths and bursae
28
Synovial fluid
Viscous fluid produced by synovial membrane Components include: Hyaluronic acid Lubricin Proteinases / collagenases Phagocytic cells Similar in consistency to egg white Fills joint cavities within synovial membrane and forms very thin layer between articular cartilages Roles include: Friction reduction Shock absorption; becomes more viscous the more pressure it undergoes (opposite of ketchup!) Nutrient/waste diffusion to cartilage (avascular) Removal of microbes / particles debris from degeneration of cartilage
29
Fibrous capsule
Dense fibrous connective tissue external to synovial membrane Enclose all intra-articular aspects of a joint Blends with periosteum in articulating bones Perforated by nerves / blood vessels Parts may be thickened to form stabilising ligaments (further supported by ligaments outside of capsule)
30
Menisci (articular discs)
Fibrocartilage discs within larger joints; knee Intra-capsular (articular) structures Roles include: Increase concavity / joint surface of articulating bones (stability) Additional shock absorption Provide additional support on certain movements (increase range) May be prone to injury
31
Bursae / synovial sheaths
Occur at sites and of most friction between extra-articular structures such as: Tendon / bone Muscle / bone Ligament / bone Skin / bone Closed sack of synovial membrane: bursa (bursae) Length of synovial membrane surrounding tendon: tendon sheath Normally contain minimal synovial fluid (except if inflamed - bursitis)
32
Sesamoid bones
Form within tendon (or muscle) at site of stress (or normal variant) Improves mechanical efficiency to transmit force by acting as a fulcrum /pulley for tendons to slide over
33
Stability of synovial joints
Bony articulations inherently unstable; articular surfaces a minor component in joint strength Ligaments: Add to strength of fibrous capsule More ligaments, more stability Minimal elasticity; prone to tearing under severe strain Muscles/tendons: Muscle tone most important to joint stability (continuous passive partial contraction) Maintains posture and alignment Muscle groups work in combination Important part of physiotherapy/rehabilitation in trauma/disease
34
Basic biomechanics
Mechanics is the study of forces and their effects Biomechanics relates mechanics in living things; in particular the msk system Lever; bones Pivot/fulcrum; joints (and the supporting ligaments) Force; muscles Resistance; weight of body/force applied or opposing muscles Lever systems 1,2, or 3 dependent on the position of the pivot in relation to the force/resistance
35
Basic biomechanics
Almost no 2nd lever systems in body (tmJ) Most combination of 1st/3rd lever systems working together 3rd lever systems most common to flex joint Longer the lever arm (pivot to resistance), larger the force required to counter Muscle insertions close to joint allow more control but more force to move lever
36
Types of synovial joint
Type determined by structure and Range of movements: Condylar / ellipsoid Plane / gliding Hinge Ball and socket Saddle Pivot Almost all synovial joints allow more than one axis of movement (maybe small); some overlap between types
37
Movement definitions
Abduction – movement away from the midline Adduction – movement towards the midline Rotation – turning around an axis Circumduction – circular movement around a joint (combination of the above) FLEXION - reducing angle of joint (bending) EXTENSION - increasing angle at a joint (extending) SUPINATION – turning upwards (towards NAP) PRONATION – turning downwards (away from NAP) INVERSION – turning the sole of the foot medially Eversion – turning the sole of the foot laterally
38
Synovial condylar/ellipsoid joint
biaxial; movement in two directions/axes at right angles Rounded (condyloid) surface sites within cup-shaped (concave) surface Varies but may include all directions Examples include: wrist joint (radio-carpal) Metacarpo-phalangeal joints (MCPJ) Metatarso-phalangeal joints (MTPJ) Temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ)
39
Synovial ball and socket joints
multiaxial; movement in more than two directions/axes Ball (head) of one bone sits within deep socket of other bone Similar to condylar but deeper and wider range of movement Allows flexion, extension abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction Examples include: Hip joint Shoulder joint
40
Synovial saddle joint
biaxial; movement in two directions/axes Allows flexion, extension abduction, adduction, and rotation Articular surfaces like person sitting on a saddle Similar to condyloid joint Examples include: Ankle joint Sterno-clavicular joint (SCJ) Thumb carpo-metacarpal joint (cmcJ)
41
Synovial plane/gliding joint
Uniaxial; movement in one direction/axis Articular surface flat/slightly curved Allows gliding only Least movement of all synovial joints Often Work in groups (eg foot, spine) Examples include: Sacro-iliac joint (SIJ) Proximal tibio-fibular joint Acromio-clavicular joint (acj) Inter - Carpal / tarsal joints Vertebral facet joints
42
Synovial pivot joint
uniaxial; movement in one direction/axis Allows rotation only Long process on one bone sits within hole/arch of other bone/ligament Examples include: Proximal radio-ulna joint Distal radio-ulna joint
43
Synovial hinge joint
Uniaxial; movement in one direction/axis Allows flexion / extension Articular surfaces fit like door hinge Examples include: Elbow joint Inter-phalangeal joints
44
Joint Abnormalities
Disruption of normal joint articulation: Dislocation; complete loss of apposition of joint surfaces Subluxation; partial loss of apposition of joint surfaces (partial dislocation) Diastasis; widening (pulling apart of joint surfaces) Unable to see underlying soft tissue damage on X-ray (remember where the strength is) Fracture-dislocation when both fracture and dislocation present Need for two-views for true assessment
45

Appendicular Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Pattern Recognition (9 decks)

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