Architecture Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Pointed Arch
A
characteristic of medieval churches in the Gothic style
2
Q
Rib Vault
A
- the intersection of two or three barrel vaults to support the weight of walls
- Channels the weight of the ceiling to the columns, so the walls don’t bear the burden.
3
Q
Fan Vault
A
- Used in the Gothic style, where the ribs are all of the same curve and spaced equally, resembling a fan.
- Strongly associated with England.
- Kings College Chapel
4
Q
Flying Buttress
A
- Associated with Gothic church.
- to resist the lateral forces pushing a wall outwards by redirecting them to the ground.
5
Q
Basilica
A
Example: Saint Peter’s Basilica
6
Q
Nave
A
the main body of the church. It provides the central approach to the high altar.
7
Q
Transept
A
- section which lies across the main body of the building.
- Crosswise to the nave
- Romanesque and Gothic Christian church architecture.
8
Q
Apse
A
- (front of church) a semicircular recess covered with a semi-dome
- known as an Exedra.
9
Q
Pediment
A
- triangular upper part of building front
- classical style, top of portico of columns.
10
Q
Pilaster
A
- used to give the appearance of a supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall, with only an ornamental function.
- RUCELLAI FAMILY PALACE - Alberti
- Wanted to make it larger but never purchased the property
11
Q
Giant Order
A
- also known as colossal order
- is an order whose columns or pilasters span two (or more) stories.
12
Q
Engaged Column
A
- embedded in a wall and projecting from the surface of the wall
- rarely in Greek architecture, but in Roman architecture they exist in profusion
13
Q
Portico
A
- a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls.
14
Q
Loggia
A
- an open balcony on second story
- Possible Example: Foundling Hospital
- Filippo Brunelleschi
- Place where people could drop off children that they couldn’t afford to raise
15
Q
Colonnade
A
- a colonnade denotes a long sequence of columns joined by their entablature, often free-standing, or part of a building
- Pazzi Chapel
16
Q
Arcade
A
- arches supported by columns
- exterior ones provide shelter for pedestrians
- (feature of Romanesque architecture that was taken into Gothic.)
17
Q
Villa
A
Expensive elegant upper-class country homes
ITALIAN VILLAS
FRENCH
ENGLAND
18
Q
Palazzo
A
- an architectural style of the 19th and 20th centuries (nearly 200 yrs.) based upon the palazzi (palaces) built by wealthy families of the Italian Renaissance.
- Refers to the general shape, proportion and a cluster of characteristics, rather than a specific design; regardless of date, provided they are a symmetrical, basemented and with neat rows of windows.
- Rucellai Palace - Alberti -Roman plaster appearance
19
Q
Chateau
A
- A country house, castle, or manor house, esp. in France
- Vaux-le-Vicomte - Baroque French château
20
Q
Hotel
A
Chicago Auditorium
Steel construction-iron works
Offices and hotel
Was abandoned and then restored
Adler and Sullivan offices – Frank Lloyd Wright used to work here
21
Q
Piazza
A
- also called a town square
- commonly found in the heart of a traditional town used for community gatherings.
- Other names are civic center, city square, urban square
- Old rome race track – Piazza Navona
- CAMPIDOGLIO MICHELANGO
22
Q
Campanile
A
- Also called “bell tower” with or without bell
23
Q
Piano Nobile
A
- Is the principal floor of a large house
- Noble floor
- This floor contains the reception and bedrooms of the house.
24
Q
Enfilade
A
- a suite of rooms aligned with each other.
- European architecture from the Baroque period onward
- Rooms N to G (9 rooms in a row)
25
Q
State Rooms
A
- a large European mansion containing a grand room
- 17th and 18th centuries.
- They were the most lavishly decorated in the house and contained the finest works of art.
- Room A in picture (largest room)
26
Q
Cabinet
A
- a private room in the houses and palaces of early modern Europe, a room serving as a study or retreat, usually for a man.
- The cabinet would be furnished with books and works of art, and sited adjacent to his bedchamber, the equivalent of the Italian Renaissance studiolo.
27
Q
Sala –> Salon –> Saloon
A
- Sala –> Salon –> Saloon (evolution of the word for the public room of the house where you entertain guests)
- Sala always in the middle of the house; it’s the biggest
28
Q
Apartment
A
- (in American English) is a self-contained housing unit that occupies only part of a building.
- Called a flat (in British English)
29
Q
Greek Cross
A
- Dimensions are the same
- Bramante (St. Peter’s Basilica)
30
Q
Latin Cross
A
- A plain cross wtih longer vertical
- Maderno transformed St. Peters to latin cross
31
Q
Tau Cross
A
- Greek letter it resembles
- It is also variously St. Anthony’s Cross, Old Testament Cross,
- The shape of the letter tau or T was interpreted as representing a crucifix from antiquity
32
Q
St. Andrew’s cross
A
- X-cross, X-frame or saltire cross
- It is believed that the apostle Andrew was crucified on a saltire (X-shaped) cross; hence the name St. Andrew’s Cross. He is said to have told his executioners that he was not worthy to be crucified on the same cross style as Jesus, and persuaded them to alter the shape.
33
Q
Fresco
A
- a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly-laid, or wet lime plaster
- St. Andrea - Alberti
- Michelangelo (16th century)
- St. Peter’s Basilica (paintings restored from candle smoke)
34
Q
Parterre
A
- a formal garden constructed on a level surface, consisting of planting beds, typically in symmetrical patterns, separated and connected by gravel pathways.
- Ex: Versailles Orangerie
- Ex: Garden of Versailles
- (France)
35
Q
Ha-ha
A
- a recessed landscape design (ditch) element that creates a vertical barrier whilst preserving an uninterrupted view of the landscape beyond
- Comes up to a short masonry wall
36
Q
Baldachin
A
- a canopy of state over an altar or throne. It had its beginnings as a cloth canopy, but in other cases it is a sturdy, permanent architectural feature, particularly over high altars in cathedrals
37
Q
“Five Orders”
A
- The Five Orders of Architecture is a book on classical architecture by Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola from 1562, and is considered “one of the most successful architectural textbooks ever written”
38
Q
Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Composite
A
5 columns
39
Q
Italian (Renaissance) Garden
A
- emerged in the late 15th century at villas in Rome and Florence
- classical ideals of order and beauty, viewing pleasure
- Used natural water force
- Villa Lante
- Villa D’Este
40
Q
French (Formal) Garden
A
- symmetry and order on nature.
- Ex: Gardens of Versailles designed during the 17th century by the landscape architect André Le Nôtre for Louis XIV (14th)
- Parterre
41
Q
English (picturesque/landscape) Garden
A
- early 18th century, and spread across Europe,
- idealized view of nature
Ex: CASTLE HOWARD-England (baroque style)
44
Q
Industrial Revolution
A
- 1760 to 1840.
- England and Germany
- Factories – mass production (iron, cotton)
- Open interior for machinery
- Coal-fired power plants (cheapest way); worst air pollution
47
Q
Medici
A
- House of Medici an Italian banking family, late 14th century.
Medici Chapel
- Idealized images of the family
- Unfinished portraits
- Wealthiest family
48
Q
Pazzi
A
- were a noble Florentine family of the Medieval and Renaissance periods
- Pazzi Chapel
- Architect- Filippo Brunelleschi
- Colonnade- a colonnade denotes a long sequence of columns joined by their entablature, often free-standing, or part of a building
49
Q
Pope Julius II
A
- nicknamed “The Fearsome Pope” and “The Warrior Pope”
- 15th century
- he commissioned the destruction and rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica, plus Michelangelo’s decoration of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
50
Q
Pope Sixtus V
A
- 1585 – 1590
- Figure of counter reformation (destruction of antiquities)
51
Q
Louis XIV (14th)
A
- known as Louis the Great
- ruled as King of France from 1643 till death
- Rein: 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any monarch in European history.
- Garden of Versaille; Palace of Versailles
- Hall of Mirrors
52
Q
L’Enfant
A
- was a French-born American architect and civil engineer best known for designing the layout of the streets of Washington, D.C., the L’Enfant Plan.
- Ex of type of street: Grand Ave (AZ)
53
Q
Ecole des Beaux Arts
(School)
A
- France.
- 350 year history
- drawing, painting, sculpture, engraving, architecture and other media.
54
Q
University of Chicago
A
- Neogothic
- Chicago’s Mitchell Tower was modeled after Oxford’s Magdalen Tower.
- After 1940s, the Gothic style gave way to modern styles
55
Q
Bauhaus
A
- Art school in Germany; combined crafts & fine arts, and was famous for the approach to design
- 1919 to 1933 (closed by Nazi’s)
- Founder of school- Gropius, Meyer, Van Der Rohe
56
Q
Taliesin West
A
- architect Frank Lloyd Wright’s winter home
- school from 1937 - 1959 (death at 91)
- Today is main campus of the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture and Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation.
57
Q
London 1851
(Expo)
A
- Crystal Palace
- Mass production of glass and iron
- Barrel vault
- Columns on module
- 1851 is the length of the building
- World Fair 1851
- 1 year -> Moved -> Fire
- Lasted 80 years - 1930’s
58
Q
Paris 1889
(Expo)
A
- Eiffel Tower
- 1889
- 100 years from French Revolution ended up celebrating 100 of industrial construction
- Galleries of Machines building – (housed many inventions we still use today – films, Mercedes Benz engines, electric lights)
59
Q
Chicago 1893
(Expo)
A
- Neoclassical building next to lake Michigan
- White City
- Seeing urban design for the first time
61
Q
Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, ca. 1380.
A
- known as the Father of English literature
62
Q
Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Architects, Painters, and Sculptors, 1550.
A
- Italian; considered the foundation of art-historical writing.
63
Q
A. Palladio, I Quattro Libri, 1570 (trans. Four Books of Architecture, 1715.)
A
- classical antiquity as a guide for the construction of buildings.
64
Q
Augustus Welby Pugin, Contrasts, 1836
A
- English
- remembered for Gothic Revival style
- Palace of Westminster
65
Q
John Ruskin, Seven Lamps of Architecture, 1849; Stones of Venice, 1851-53
A
- English; Venetian art and architecture
66
Q
Eugene Viollet-le-Duc, Discourses on architecture, 1858-72
A
- a French architect and theorist, famous for his interpretive “restorations” of medieval buildings. Born in Paris, he was a major Gothic Revival architect.
- systematized his approach to architecture and architectural education, in a system radically opposed to that of the École des Beaux-Arts, which he had avoided in his youth and despised
67
Q
Le Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture, 1923
A
- exploring the concept of modern architecture.
78
Q
De Stijl “The Style” (Holland)
A
- Also known as neoplasticism, was a Dutch artisticmovement founded in 1917 in Amsterdam.
- The De Stijl consisted of artists and architects In a narrower sense, the term De Stijl is used to refer to a body of work from 1917 to 1931 founded in the Netherlands
83
Q
Arcade
(London)
A
- Arcade- shopping arcade
- Short enclosed street
- Passage – passade in France
- Bradbury Building
- Open atrium
84
Q
Milan Chapel
A
- Stain glass would be assembled on the ground flat first
- In between the arches you would put webbing-mortar and wood
- An arcade is a succession of arches, each counter-thrusting the next, supported by columns, piers, or a covered walkway enclosed by a line of such arches on one or both sides.
- Stain glass would be assembled on the ground flat first
- In between the arches you would put webbing-mortar and wood
- An arcade is a succession of arches, each counter-thrusting the next, supported by columns, piers, or a covered walkway enclosed by a line of such arches on one or both sides.
85
Q
Filippo Brunelleschi
A
- Foundling Hospital
- Pazzi Chapel
- Florence Cathedral
86
Q
Bramante
A
Little Temple- Tempietto
87
Q
Michelangelo
A
Campidoglio
New Sacristy
Laurentian Library by Michelangelo (Saint Lorenzo)
- Engaged Columns
- Stone carvings
- Columns set into walls instead of in front
- Broken pediment
- Grey stones and stucco
