AREA 1 Flashcards
Machinery for Bio-Production Systems (162 cards)
1
Q
It refers to the machinery and equipment for the production, harvesting, processing, storage, manufacture, preserving, transporting and distribution of agricultural and fisheries products.
A
Bio- production machinery
2
Q
RA 10601 is known as
A
Agricultural and Fisheries Mechanization (AFMech) Law
3
Q
The 7 features of machines that can be of help in selecting farm machinery
A
- Trade Mark
- Materials
- Ease of operation
- Ease of maintenance
- Safety
- Source of repair
- Power Source
4
Q
3 main sources of power in the farm
A
- Human power
- Animal power
3.Electric motors
5
Q
How much power can a carabao, the major beast of burden in the Philippines, generate under favorable conditions?
A
1 hp
6
Q
In percentage, how much of the carabao’s power can be used for draft work?
A
70-75 %
7
Q
The contribution of animal power in the farm
A
0.16 hp/ha or
8
Q
About what percentage of the carabao’s weight can be used for draft work?
A
15%
9
Q
The oldest source of power in the farm
A
Human power
10
Q
About __hp can be generated by human power under favorable conditions
A
0.1 hp (10% of animal power)
11
Q
Reasons why human power is still considered as major sources of power in the farm
A
- Size of farm
- Topography
- Crops grown
- High cost of equipment
- High cost and non-availability of fuel
- Availability of lower cost labor
12
Q
Electro-mechanical devices used to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy
A
Electric motors
13
Q
Energy conversion efficiency of electric motors
A
50-99%
14
Q
Energy conversion efficiency of gasoline engine
A
25%
15
Q
Energy conversion efficiency of diesel
A
40%
16
Q
It is where the specifications of the motor can be seen
A
Nameplate
17
Q
NEMA
A
National Electrical Manufacturers Association
18
Q
L»_space; Less than 1 HP»_space; 9.0 - 9.99 kVA
L or M»_space; 1 1/2 - 2HP»_space; 9.0 - 11.19 kVA
K»_space; 3 HP»_space; 8.0 - 8.99 kVA
J»_space; 5HP»_space; 7.1 - 7.99 kVA
H»_space; 7.5 - 10 HP»_space; 6.3 - 7.09 kVA
G»_space; More than 15HP»_space; 5.6 - 6.29 kVA
A
Standard 3-phase motor locked rotor codes
19
Q
The torque supplied by the motor should be ____ than the load torque (from start to full speed) to prevent motor from stalling
A
Greater than
20
Q
It indicates the maximum load that can be successfully carried by the motor if it is to operate continuously and remain within the safe temperature range .
A
service factor
21
Q
A heat engine that converts the heat energy of fuels to mechanical energy (combustion happens inside the cylinder)
A
Internal combustion engine
22
Q
Thermal efficiency of Internal Combustion Engine
A
15-40%
23
Q
It is the part of combustion engine that confines the expanding gases and forms the combustion chamber
A
Cylinder
24
Q
Part of the engine that forms the cover on one end of the cylinder
A
Cylinder head
25
It covers the other end of the cylinder; slides inside the cylinder to transmit the force of the expansion to the connecting rod and drives the crankshaft into rotary motion
piston
26
Part of the engine that effects a tight seal against the cylinder wall
Piston rings
27
Transmits the power of combustion from the piston to the crankshaft
Connecting rod
28
It converts the reciprocation motion of the piston to rotary motion by means of a crank and two bearing supports
Crankshaft
29
It stores the energy during power stroke and returns this energy during the idle strokes producing a uniform rotation
Flywheel
30
Open and close the ports leading into and out of the combustion chamber
Valves
31
It produces the spark to initiate the ignition of the fuel and air mixture
Spark plug
32
It covers the crankshaft and holds the oil that holds the lubrication of the moving parts
Crankcase
33
It is a series of events occurring one after the other in a definite order and repeats itself after the last event has occurred
Cycle
34
4 events in an engine cycle
1. Intake
2. Compression
3. Power
4. Exhaust
35
It is when air or air-fuel mixture enters the combustion chamber
Intake
36
It is when air or air-fuel mixture is compressed inside the combustion chamber
Compression
37
Air-fuel mixture is ignited resulting to a very rapid expansion of the burning mixture
Power
38
Burned gases are removed from the combustion chamber, and the cycle is repeated
Exhaust
39
The fuel used in spark-ignition engine
gasoline fuel
40
The metering device used in spark-ignition engine
Carburetor
41
This engine uses the spark produced by the spark plug to ignite the compressed air-fuel mixture. The fuel used is gasoline
Spark-ignition engine
42
Implements are attached to the tractor via ____
3 point hitch
43
This engine uses the heat of compressed air to ignite the fuel. Only air enters in the intake valve
compression-ignition engine
44
Number of power events in 4-stroke engine
1 per 2 revolution of crankshaft
45
Number of power events in 2-stroke engine
2 per 2 revolutions of crankshaft
46
In terms of power output, 4-stroke engine is ___than 2 stroke engine
Lower
47
2-stroke engine is __ times larger than 4-stroke engine in terms of power output
1.5 times
48
2-stroke engine is ___ percent more in fuel consumption that 4-stroke engine
15%
49
Reason why 2-stroke engine is moved to be phased out, and 4-stroke engine is preferable
Because it has more carbon deposit than 4-stroke engine
50
Compression ratio of spark-ignition engine
5-8:1
51
Compression ratio of compression-ignition engine
14-22:1
52
Thermal efficiency of spark-ignition engine
25-30%
53
Thermal efficiency of compression-ignition engine
30-36%
54
Fuel used in compression-ignition engine
diesel
55
Air-fuel mixture of diesel engine (compression-ignition engine)
15-100:1
56
Air-fuel mixture of gasoline engine (spark-ignition engine)
12-15:1
57
Term used to describe the diameter of a cylinder.
Bore (D)
58
The distance the piston moves from BDC to TDC
Stroke (L)
59
It is equal to the volume displaced by the piston as it moves from BDC to TDC
Piston Displacement (Pd)
60
Volume of the cylinder when the piston is at TDC
Clearance Volume (CV)
61
Volume of the cylinder when the piston is at BDC . It is equal to Pd +CV
Total volume (TV)
62
Ratio of Total volume and Clearance volume (Pd+CV)/CV
Compression ratio
63
A mechanical device consisting of an engine and power transmission. The engine ranges from 3 hp to 100 hp
tractor
64
It produces rotary power for the operation of rotary implements
PTO
65
Single-axle machine powered by an engine ranging from 3 hp-15 hp. They are commonly used for land preparation, planting, cultivating, harvesting, and transport
Two wheel tractors
66
A type of two-wheel tractor that provides pulling power through its drawbar.
Traction type
67
Fitted with a drawbar for traction and a power-take-off (PTO) for rotary work
General-purpose type
68
Double-axle machine powered by an engine ranging from 15 hp-100 hp
4-wheel tractor
69
A slow moving vehicle (up to 30 kph) with high torque on the driving wheels
4-wheel tractor
70
power rating of compact tractors
below 32 hp
71
Tractors with power rating of 32 hp to 49 hp
standard light tractors
72
Tractors with power rating of 40 hp-59 hp
standard light-medium tractors
73
Tractors with power rating of 60-79
74
Tractors with more than 90 hp
standard heavy tractors
75
It provides the draft power, rotary power, and lifting power of the tractor. It is the second major component of the tractor
Transmission system
76
It is a method of power transmission wherein the load is directly connected to the engine by some kind of flange device. Its transmission efficiency is 100%
Direct coupling
77
a method of transmission, the cause of lesser efficiency is slippage
Belt and pulley
78
Transmission efficiency is less than or equal to 100% due to chain slack
Chain and sprockets
79
Transmission efficiency is less than or equal to 100% due to gear slack
Gear system
80
Used to transmit rotary motion between parallel shafts
spur gears
81
Used to transmit motion between intersecting shafts
bevel gears
82
Used to connect and disconnect the load from the engine
clutch
83
The direction of rotation of two gears is
Opposite each other
84
Any physical soil manipulation which changes the structure of the soil, kills weeds, and rearranges dead plant materials
Tillage
85
The initial cutting, breaking and usually inversion of soil. Implements used are moldboard, disc and chisel plows and subsoilers cutting the soil to a depth of 15 cm to 90 cm (6" to 36")
Primary Tillage (Plowing)
86
Subsequent breaking, pulverization and leveling of the soil making it ready for planting. Implements used are disc, spike-tooth and spring-tooth harrows. Cuts the soil with depth up to 7 cm to 15 cm (3" to 6"). Also called harrowing
Secondary Tillage
87
Combined primary and secondary tillage in one operation. Implements used are rotavator and floating tiller which cuts the soil up to 15 cm or 6 in
General purpose tillage
88
An unplowed soil
Land
89
The ribbon of soil cut, lifted, inverted and thrown to one side of the plow bottom
Furrowslice
90
Trench or canal left by furrowslice
Furrow
91
Raised ridge when two furrowslices overlap each other
Back furrow
92
Trench left equal to two furrows when furrowslices are thrown on opposite direction
Dead furrow
93
Unbroken side of the furrow
Furrow wall
94
A primary tillage equipment that cuts the soil to a depth of 15 cm to 46 cm (6"-18"). It is adapted to the breaking of many types of soil and is well suited for turning under and covering crop residues
Moldboard plow
95
It provides the cutting edge of the moldboard plow bottom
Share
96
Also called the sliding bottom. It holds the share, moldboard and the landslide, and the beam is also bolted on this piece of metal
Frog
97
It receives the furrow slice from the share, lifts, inverts and throws it to one side of the plow bottom
Moldboard
98
Counteracts the side pressure exerted by the furrow
Landslide
99
The bend downward of the point of share to make the plow penetrate the soil to the proper depth
Vertical clearance
100
Bend outward or sideward of the point of the share towards the unplowed land to make the plow cut the proper width
Horizontal clearance
101
The size of the moldboard plow bottom which is the perpendicular distance between the wing and the point of the share
Width of cut of the plow bottom
102
It was developed in an effort to reduce friction in the sliding moldboard plow bottom by using a rotating disc plow bottom
Disc plow
103
It is the round and concave disc of heat-hardened soil. It is rotated by the soil during cutting
Disc
104
Curved plate placed on the concave side of the disc to scrape off the soil and throw it on the side of the plow
Scraper
105
It presses against the furrow wall to resist the side pressure exerted by the soil against the plow
Rear furrow wheel
106
It is the angle the disc makes with the vertical to make the disc penetrate the soil to the proper depth
Tilt angle
107
The common tilt ange of the disc
15-25 degrees
108
It is the angle the disc makes with the direction of travel to make the disc cut the proper width and allow the disc to rotate
Side or disc angle
109
The optimal side angle of the disc plow is
42-45 degrees
110
It is influenced by the disc diameter, depth of cut and disc angle
The width of cut of disc plow bottom
111
It is determined by the resistance of the soil to tillage operation, the speed of plowing, sharpness of the cutting edge and the over-all adjustment of the plow
Draft
112
It is the force required to cut a unit cross sectional area of the soil and determines the resistance of the soil
Specific draft
113
It is the product of the specific draft, width and depth
Draft
114
Increasing speed of the tractor, _____ the draft
Increases
115
When planting a corn, the seed is buried to a usual depth of ___
5 cm
116
It is a method of plowing where the plowing starts at the center line of the field, and the furrow is left along the outside of the plowed field
a. Gathering plowing
b. Casting plowing
c. Plowing from the center
d. Return plowing
e. Round-about plowing
f. One way plowing
Gathering plow
117
It is the plowing that starts from the outer side of the field, and the furrow slice is turned outwards. After the plowing, a furrow is left at the center of the plowed land
a. Gathering plow
b. Casting plow
c. Plowing from the center
d. Return plowing
e. Round-about plowing
f. One way plowing
Casting plowing
118
The field is plowed in continuous circuit, starting from either the center of the field or from the outer edge
a. Gathering plow
b. Casting plow
c. Plowing from the center
d. Return plowing
e. Round-about plowing
f. One way plowing
Round-about plowing
119
Plowing is started at the corner of the field, and the circuit proceeds inwards turning the furrow slice for hillside plowing
a. Gathering plow
b. Casting plow
c. Plowing from the center
d. Return plowing
e. Round-about plowing
f. One way plowing
Plowing from the center
120
The land is plowed in a one direction only. This procedure is suitable for hillside plowing
a. Gathering plow
b. Casting plow
c. Plowing from the center
d. Return plowing
e. Round-about plowing
f. One way plowing
One way plowing
121
The land is plowed in both directions side by side. This procedure can be practiced by reversible type, turn-wrest type, or symmetric tillage implements such as two-way type driven disc plow
a. Circuit plowing
b. Consecutive plowing
c. Return plowing
Consecutive plowing
122
In the equation C=SWEff/10, W is
width of cut, m
123
In the equation C= SWEff/10, S is
Speed of the tractor/ pulling equipment in kph
124
It is a secondary tillage implement used to cut the soil to a depth of 7 cm to 15 cm or 3-6 in. It consists of two or more sets of disc gangs
Disc Harrow
125
It is the round and concave disc of heat-hardened steel with sharpened edges to break the soil
disc
126
It is the assembly of discs all rotating together on a common shaft (3-13 discs at 7 cm to 30 cm, 6" to 12") spacing per disc)
Disc gang
127
Straight or curved plate placed on the concave side of the disc to scape-off the soil
Scraper
128
Flanged tube inserted on the common shaft between two discs to maintain disc spacing
Spool
129
It is a washer on one of the common shaft to absorb the end thrust of the gang
Bumper
130
131
How many bearings are there in the disc gang of a disk harrow
2-3 bearings per gang
132
Difference of Disc harrow and Disc plow
Disc plow cuts the soil deeper than the disc harrow
133
Consists of two gangs of discs placed end-to-end which throws the soil in opposite direction
Single-action disc harrow
134
Consists of four gangs of discs. Two gangs in front as in single-action and two gangs at the rear
Double-action disc harrow
135
Consists of two gangs of disc. One gang located behind the other and operated in an offset position in relation to the tractor
Offset disc harrow
136
The size of disc harrow is determined by
the number and diameter of the discs and the width of cut
137
For single-action disc harrow, the width of cut is determined by the formula, W=(0.95NS+0.3D)/1000. S is the disc spacing in ___
mm
138
Formula for the width of cut of single action disc harrow
W=(0.95NS+0.3D)/1000
139
Width of cut formula for double-action disc harrow
W=(0.95NS+1.2D)/1000
140
Width of cut formula for offset disc harrow
W=(0.95NS+0.6D)/1000
141
142
The angle between the axis of the gang and the line perpendicular to the direction of the motion. Set 18 degrees when measuring the width of cut
Gang angle
143
It is consist of long rigid spike clamped or welded to crossbars on a staggered arrangement to attain maximum stirring and raking of the soil.
Spike-tooth harrow
144
It is effective in killing weeds that are just starting. It can be used to cultivate corn, cotton and other row crops during early stages of growth
Spike-tooth harrow
145
Consists of long, flat and curved teeth made from spring steel. The curved teeth are welded to cross bars on a staggered arrangement. The spring characteristics allows the teeth to flex and slide over obstruction
Spring-tooth harrow
145
It removes the plant grown from the soil without cutting it up. It is suitable for use in rough and stony ground
Spring-tooth harrow
146
It is a general purpose tillage equipment which is constructed with a set of cutting knives or tines mounted on a horizontal power-driven shaft rotating at high speed. The knives slice thin sections of the soil and pulverize them by centrifugal force. It is suited for both dry and wet land operations
Rotavator
147
It is specifically designed power tillers for wet land operations, fitted with front-mounted cutting blades on a cagewheel
Floating power tillers
148
A mechanical device used to place seeds or planting materials in the soil for crop production
Planting equipment
149
Planters designed to plant seeds or plants in rows far enough apart to permit the subsequent entry of machinery
Row -crop planters
150
It is designed to plant seeds continuously in rows with row spacing greater than 36 cm
Row-crop drill planter
151
designed to plant one or more seeds or plants in rows and hills
Hill-drop planters
152
Planters designed to plant seeds or plants in patterns which do not allow subsequent entry of machinery
Solid planters
153
designed to plant seeds continuously in rows with row spacing less than 36 cm
Solid drill planters
153
Designed to scatter the seeds uniformly over the surface of the field without definite rows and hills. Seeds are covered by harrowing
Broadcasters
154
part of the planter which makes a furrow
Furrow opener
155
part of a planter that meters the seeds
metering device
156
It deposits the seeds
Seed tube
157
158
159
160
