Area 2 - Hydrology, Irrigation & Drainage, SWCE Flashcards
PART 3: Objective type under bloodied knife- disguised as soil and water, irrigation (100 cards)
1
Q
Hydraulics: Basic equation
A
- Continuity Equation
- Energy Equation
- Momentum Equation
2
Q
Flow classification under hydraulics
A
- time as the criterion
- space as the criterion
- based on flow regimes
3
Q
Types of channel
A
- original-based
- geometry-based
4
Q
The physical removal of topsoil by various agents. The process of detachment and transport of soil particles.
A
soil erosion
5
Q
Formula for design peak runoff
A
q=CiA or q=0.0028CiA
6
Q
Formula for runoff volume estimation
A
Q=0.5qT
7
Q
Maximum wind speed of 30-34 kph
A
tropical depression
8
Q
maximum wind speed of 65-117 kph
A
tropical storm
9
Q
maximum wind speed of >117 kph
A
typhoon
10
Q
SW monsoon
A
habagat
11
Q
Characteristics of raindtorm
A
- intensity
- duration
- area extent
- frequency
12
Q
NE monsoon
A
amihan
13
Q
Probability that a T-year storm may occur in any series of N-years
A
P exceedance= 1-(1- 1/T) ^N
14
Q
Flow measuring devices/structures
A
weirs, parshal flume, orifice, trajectory
15
Q
Probability that a T-year storm may not occur in any series of N-years
A
P non-exceedance = (1- 1/T)^ N
16
Q
Probabilistic analysis of hydrologic processes
A
hydrologic frequency analysis
17
Q
Undergoes continuous change in T
A
Hydrologic process
18
Q
Definite law of certainty exists
A
deterministic process
19
Q
Chance phenomena, cannot be readily identified, time independent
A
probabilistic process
20
Q
Chance, time dependent
A
stochastic process
21
Q
Gumbel distribution
A
XT=M+S (0.78 lnT-0.45)
22
Q
Flow over a surface
A
runoff
23
Q
Drainage after it reaches a defined channel
A
streamflow
24
Q
travels over the ground surface
A
surface runoff
25
1. Infiltration excess overland flow
2. Saturation excess overland flow
types of surface runoff
26
Part of precipitation, which infiltrates into the soil surface and moves laterally through the upper soil horizons towards thee streams
interflow
27
ground discharge into a stream due to deep percolation of the infiltrated water into groundwater aquifer
groundwater runoff
28
surface runoff that flows over the surface towards stream channel
overland flow
29
surface runoff
direct runoff
30
interflow
subsurface runoff, through flow
31
groundwater runoff
base flow
32
factors affecting runoff
1. climatic factors
2. physiological factors
33
record of the highest stage at a stream
crest stage gage
34
record the pressure required to maintain a small flow of gas
bubbler gage
35
motion of a float is recorded on a graph
float-type water stage recorder
36
discharge measurement
float method, current meter
37
caused by a raindrop
splash/ raindrop erosion
38
thin film of soil layer detached and transported by water flowing
sheet erosion
39
combination of splash and sheet erosion
interrill erosion
40
finger-like rills appear on the soil surface
rill erosion
41
advanced rills, rills that developed in size
gully erosion
42
erosion of stream bank by flowing water
stream bank erosion
43
caused by waves
coastal erosion
44
land slides and slips due to saturation of steep hills and slopes
slip erosion
45
universal soil loss equation
A = R x K x LS x C x P
46
erosion control: vegetative measures
1. reforestation,
2. agroforestation,
3. strip ropping,
4. mulching,
5. contour cultivation,
6. cropping system
47
erosion control: engineering measures
1. terracing,
2. grassed waterways,
3. check dams/ weirs,
4. farm ponds/ water impounding dams,
6. diversion canal,
7. gabion,
8. riprap,
9. stone walls
48
suited for 2:1 slope or less
riprap
49
contours that cuts into the hill slope in a step-like formation
bench
50
bench slope
25-30%
51
for maximum soil and water conservation
zingg/ conservation bench terrace
52
zingg/ conservation bench terrace slope
9-24%
53
2 types of broad-based terrace
1. graded/ channel type
2. level/ridge type
54
open channels protected with suitable grasses along the slope and act as outlet for terraces
grassed waterways
55
conservation structures
1. drop structure
2. chute spillways
3. vengineering
56
discharge is constant with respect to time
steady flow
57
discharge in not constant with respect to time
unsteady flow
58
depth of flow is the same at every section of the prismatic channel
uniform flow
59
depth changes along the length of channel
varied flow
60
if the depth changes abruptly over a comparatively short distance (such as hydraulic jump)
rapidly varied flow
61
if the depth changes smoothly over a distance
gradually varied flow
62
Fr =1
critical flow
63
Fr > 1
supercritical flow
64
Fr < 1
subcritical flow
65
fluid moves in parallel with no cross-currents, Re < 2000
laminar flow
66
pulsatory cross-current velocity, Re > 4000
turbulent flow
67
special case of flow discharge with distance along the channel
spatially variable flow
68
to measure the flow in a large river, the river is usually divided into sections
direct method
69
use of orifice, weir, flume, and other control structures
indirect method
70
formula for free discharge orifice
Q = cA sqrt of 2gh
71
formula for rectangular weirs
Q = 1.84 LH ^(3/2) or
Q = 1.84 (L-0.20H) H^(3/2)
72
formula for triangular weirs
Q = 1.42H^(5/2)
73
Trapezoidal weir (cipolletti)
Q = 1.86LH^(3/2)
74
magnitude of floods, design of structure (drainage canals, flood spillways, and culverts)
peak flow (qp)
75
flood warning time, watershed response, water quality
time to peak (tp)
76
total water yield from a storm for a given watershed
runoff volume (v)
77
time for surface flow and interflow to reced, duration of flooding
recession time (tr)
78
tp + tr
base time (tb)
79
low flow, dependable flow, groundwater recharge
base flow (bf)
80
passage of water into soil surface
infiltration
81
process by which precipitation reaching the earth's surface is returned to the atmosphere
evapotranspiration
82
movement of water through the phreatic zone
groundwater flow
83
geologic formation containing water in its voids/ pores that maybe extracted economically and used as water supply
aquifer
84
confined under pressure grater than atmospheric by overlaying impermeable strata, aka artesian/ pressure aquifer
confined aquifer
85
water table serves as the upper surface of the zone of saturation, aka free phreatic/non-artesian aquifer
unconfined aquifer
86
exist when the piezometric surface lies above the ground
flowing artesian well
87
completely obstructs the flow of groundwater
aquiclude
88
impervious and semi confined nature which transmits water at a very slow rate
aquitard
89
the ability of the soil to transmit water
hydraulic conductivity
90
velocity through the void spaces obtained by dividing the average velocity by the porosity
seepage velocity
91
to make a liquid or gas pass through a porous substance, vertical subsurface movement of water
percolation
92
runoff paths
1. through flow
2. overland flow
3. groundwater flow
93
a gradual process in liquid which something is changed from liquid
evaporation
94
a process by which vapor lose heat and changes into a liquid
condensation
95
rain, snow, or hail, all of which are formed by condensation of moisture in the atmosphere and fall to the ground
precipitation
96
a chemical process in which a solid substance is converted into a gas directly, without passing through an intermediate liquid phase
sublimation
97
the horizontal transfer of a property such as heat, caused by air movement
advection
98
forms of precipitation
drizzle/ mist,
rain,
glazed,
rime,
snow,
snow pellets,
hail,
ice pellets
99
average precipitation
arithmetic mean, thiessen method, isohyetal method
100
consists of the vaporization of liquid water contained in the plant tissues and the vapor removal to the atmosphere
transpiration
