AREA III - Crop Processing

Question 1

A revolving, wheel-type, mechanical device used to move air for drying or aeration. For the purposes of this Standard, an AMD shall include the wheel or blade assembly, mounting structure and casing, but may or may not include a power source.

Answer 1

Air-moving device (AMD)

Question 2

The purposeful movement of air at a low rate through a product to maintain or improve product quality. Air flow rates usually do not exceed 0.08 cubic meters per minute per cubic meter of product (0.1 cubic feet per minute per bushel of product) through a dry product and 0.80 cubic meters per minute per cubic meter of product (1cubic feet per minute per bushel of product) through a wet product.

Answer 2

Aeration

Question 3

The temperature of the surrounding air.

Answer 3

Ambient temperature

Question 4

The use of ”approved” or “approved-type” refers to listing by a recognized testing agency or laboratory.

Answer 4

Approved

Question 5

In drying a harvested crop, the quantity of heat in air that can be utilized in evaporating water from the product.

Answer 5

Available Heat

Question 6

A quantity of a harvested crop put into a bin or container on a repetitive basis specifically for treatment, such as drying.

Answer 6

Batch

Question 7

The process of mixing two or more different products together, such as grains and
supplements, to obtain desired food ratios, or the process of mixing different quantities
of the same product with different moisture contents to obtain a final mass with a
uniform moisture content.

Answer 7

Blending

Question 8

One bushel by volume equals to

Answer 8

1.25 cubic feet

Question 9

The outer enclosure surrounding the entire heat exchanger and confining the air being heated.

Answer 9

Casing

Question 10

Refers to a material or structure, which can burn. Combustible is a relative term.

Answer 10

Combustible Material

Question 11

Transmission through or by means of a conductor, distinguished in the case of
heat from convection and radiation.

Answer 11

Conduction

Question 12

Any component of a dryer, or dryer heat source, so designed to affect or limit any normal or abnormal condition of the drying operation.

Answer 12

Control

Question 13

Transference of heat or electricity by moving masses of matter, as by currents in gasses and liquids caused by differences in density, or by electrically charged particles across a spark gap.

Answer 13

Convection

Question 14

The time required to move a cooling zone entirely through the product mass.

Answer 14

Cooling Stage

Question 15

That portion of the product mass in storage where the product temperature of
the crop is falling during aeration.

Answer 15

Cooling Zone

Question 16

Volumetric measure of quantity of flow.

Answer 16

Cubic meters per minute (CFM)

Question 17

A form of conditioning as opposed to simple drying in which a chemical change occurs, such as in tobacco, sweet potatoes, etc., to prepare the crop for storage or use.

Answer 17

Curing

Question 18

Type of operation wherein application of maximum heat is periodic such as cycling between high fire and low fire, cycling between high fire and constant pilot; and cycling from high fire to “off”, then restarted to high fire by constant or intermittent ignition.

Answer 18

Cycling Burner

Question 19

The rapid removal of moisture, usually to a very low level.

Answer 19

Dehydration

Question 20

When drying with air, a depth which would contain enough product that, if all the theoretical heat available for drying could be used, it would all dry to equilibrium
in a period of time equal to the time required for the fully exposed product to dry halfway
to equilibrium.

Answer 20

Depth factor (Df)

Question 21

A unit which provides the conditions for removing moisture from a product.

Answer 21

Dryer

Question 22

Any dryer wherein the product to be dried is placed in the dryer, the complete drying or drying and cooling operation performed, and then removed for storage or further processing. Usually it is self-contained comprising a drying compartment, either horizontal or vertical, to contain the product being dried while heated air is forced or drawn through it from a central portion usually called a plenum chamber. Cooling is usually carried out in the same manner. Integral conveying equipment provides for loading and unloading the dryer. Also included are the AMD, burner, and control system. Batch dryers are usually portable, but may be stationary.

Answer 22

Dryer, batch

Question 23

A batch dryer equipped to circulate or mix the product during the drying and cooling period.

Answer 23

Dryer, circulating

Question 24

A type of continuous flow dryer wherein the product being dried moves in the same direction as drying air. Sometimes referred to as parallel flow.

Answer 24

Dryer, concurrent flow

Question 25

Any dryer wherein the product to be dried is in continuous movement through the dryer and air movement is continuous, in contrast to batch operation.

Answer 25

Dryer, continuous-flow

Question 26

A type of continuous-flow dryer wherein the product being dried moves in one direction and the drying air moves in the opposite direction.

Answer 26

Dryer, counter-flow

Question 27

A type of dryer wherein the flow of air is transverse to the direction of the flow of the product being dried.

Answer 27

Dryer, cross-flow

Question 28

Type of dryer in which the products of combustion come into direct contact with the product being dried.

Answer 28

Dryer, direct-fired

Question 29

A dryer where the product is in suspension, or is moved through the dryer by the drying and/ or the cooling air.

Answer 29

Dryer, fluidized or spouted bed

Question 30

Type of dryer in which the products of combustion do not come in contact with the products being dried.

Answer 30

Dryer, indirect-fired

Question 31

A dryer in which the drying bin or compartment is also used to store the product after it is dried.

Answer 31

Dryer, in storage

Question 32

Any dryer manufactured as a package unit consisting of the drying and cooling chamber, necessary heat or radiation source, all AMD’s and duct work, along with the necessary controls and product handling equipment. These dryers may be either fixed or portable.

Answer 32

Dryer, self- contained

Question 33

A type of dryer wherein the product being dried is conveyed through a tunnel-like chamber. It may be continuous or batch-type.

Answer 33

Dryer, tunnel

Question 34

The removal of moisture from a product, usually to some predetermined moisture content.

Answer 34

Drying

Question 35

The air being passed through the product which is being dried.

Answer 35

Drying air

Question 36

The temperature of the air entering the product being dried.

Answer 36

Drying air temperature

Question 37

The divisional layer between dried and undried products in drying systems.

Answer 37

Drying front

Question 38

The maximum elapsed time that may be used to complete the drying of any portion of the product without undesirable change in quality.

Answer 38

Drying time maximum permissible

Question 39

The band or layer of product in which most of the drying is occurring at any instant.

Answer 39

Drying zone

Question 40

Act or process by which an electric conductor becomes electrified when near a charged body.

Answer 40

Electrical induction

Question 41

The moisture content of a product when it is in equilibrium with the surrounding atmosphere.

Answer 41

Equilibrium moisture content

Question 42

The relative humidity of air surrounding the product in equilibrium with given moisture content. The air and product are at the same temperature.

Answer 42

Equilibrium relative humidity

Question 43

A control designed so that a malfunction of any of its components will stop the operation of the device or equipment controlled by it.

Answer 43

Fail-safe control

Question 44

The fuel train, mounted on the grain dryer structure and connected to the gas burner, includes all piping components of fuel flow control and safety shut-off valves.

Answer 44

Fuel train

Question 45

A device used to transfer heat from one fluid stream to another without intermixing.

Answer 45

Heat exchanger

Question 46

Use of forced ventilation with the addition of heat for removing moisture.

Answer 46

Heating-air drying

Question 47

Basic heated-air-producing unit including AMD, burner system, and electrical system. It is usually coupled to drying structure by means of a flexible duct. It may have transport chassis and wheels for portability.

Answer 47

Heated-air unit

Question 48

A type of fitting designed to prevent galvanic current flow when used between two dissimilar metals.

Answer 48

Insulating fitting-

Question 49

A measure of quantity of heat. One joule will raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius. (One BTU will raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.)

Answer 49

Joule (BTU)

Question 50

The pressure of the fuel in the supply line to the dryer.

Answer 50

Line pressure

Question 51

A mixture of gaseous petroleum products normally stored and transported as a liquid under pressure. The principal constituents are propane and butane.

Answer 51

LP-gas

Question 52

Automatically governing the rate of fuel flow by a control which is temperature-sensitive in order to maintain a constant temperature at the location of the sensing device.

Answer 52

Modulate (as applied to crop drying in reference to regulation of fuel in continuous flow)

Question 53

For products, expressed as percentage, by weight, of water in the product divided by dry matter.

Answer 53

Moisture content (dry basis)

Question 54

For agricultural producers, usually expressed as percentage, by weight, of water in the product, wet basis.

Answer 54

Moisture content (wet basis)

Question 55

A gaseous hydrocarbon, odorless and flammable, found in its natural state in particular geologic formation as a product of decomposition of organic matter. The composition is chiefly of the methane series with varying amounts of other components such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and helium often being present.

Answer 55

Natural gas

Question 56

The opening through which gas is admitted to the burner.

Answer 56

Orifice

Question 57

A measure of pressure or stress. Assumed to be gage pressure unless followed by the term “absolute”.

Answer 57

Pascal (psi – pounds per square inch or inches of water column)

Question 58

The pilot remains lit during the time power is supplied to the burner.

Answer 58

Pilot- continuous

Question 59

The pilot is lit during the time combustion is being established. When combustion is established the pilot is de-energized.

Answer 59

Pilot- interruptible

Question 60

The pilot is manually lit and remains lit until manually shut off.

Answer 60

Pilot-standing

Question 61

An air chamber maintained under pressure (positive or negative) usually connected to one or more distributing ducts in a drying or aeration system. The term is also used to designate the air chamber under the perforated floor in a grain bin and the pressure chamber between grain columns in some types of batch or continuous dryers.

Answer 61

Plenum

Question 62

A mechanical device which reduces the fluid (liquid or gas) pressure to a relatively constant delivery pressure while the inlet pressure may vary and while the volume of gas may also vary.

Answer 62

Pressure regulator

Question 63

Method of air movement in which air is forced through the product with the air duct or ducts at a pressure above atmospheric pressure. It is called a pushing or forcing system of air movement.

Answer 63

Pressure system

Question 64

As applied to crop dryers, the term refers to clearing or purging the plenum chamber or duct of any volatile gases prior to ignition of the burner. It is usually accomplished by a device which insures that the fan must operate for a certain period of time before ignition will be permitted.

Answer 64

Pre- ventilation

Question 65

The process by which energy is emitted from molecules and atoms owing to the internal changes. Also the combined process of emission, transmission, and absorption of radiant energy.

Answer 65

Radiation

Question 66

As applied to crop dryers, the term refers to the return of the portion of the exhaust air to the air intake of the dryer, or to the return of under dried grain to the dryer or container from which it was removed.

Answer 66

Recirculation

Question 67

A measure of the moisture content of air expressed as a percentage. It is the ratio of the weight of water vapor in a given volume of air at a given temperature to the maximum quantity of water vapor which the same volume of air could hold at the same temperature.

Answer 67

Relative humidity

Question 68

A measure of air pressure usually expressed in pascals [inches of water column (WC)].

Answer 68

Static pressure

Question 69

Condition when the operation or process reaches equilibrium.

Answer 69

Steady state

Question 70

Method of air movement in which the air is moved through the product with the air duct or ducts at a pressure lower than atmospheric. It is also called an exhaust system of air movement.

Answer 70

Suction system

Question 71

Continuous monitoring to react automatically to flame failure so as to shut off gas flow to the unit.

Answer 71

Supervision

Question 72

Any heat added to that already present in the atmosphere to obtain a limited temperature rise, usually less than 11°C (20°F), to accomplish drying within the maximum permissible drying time to prevent spoilage.

Answer 72

Supplemental heat

Question 73

As applied to crop drying, the term refers to the difference between ambient temperature and the temperature and the temperature of the drying air resulting from the addition of heat by the dryer burner.

Answer 73

Temperature rise

Question 74

Equilization of moisture or temperature throughout the product. Bringing a product to a desired moisture content or temperature for processing.

Answer 74

Tempering

Question 75

The elapsed time from the start of the drying process to the instant the drying front arrives at any point or place in the product.

Answer 75

Time of drying

Question 76

Time required to dry fully exposed products halfway to equilibrium.

Answer 76

Time of one-half response

Question 77

The process of moving a product through the air within a bin or storage structure, or from one bin or storage structure to another.

Answer 77

Turning

Question 78

A check valve which permits flow of fluid in either direction but which limits excessive flow in one direction. If the designated flow is exceeded, the valve automatically closes.

Answer 78

Valve, excess-flow

Question 79

A valve designated as a safety device to open, and remain open, to discharge a fluid whenever the fluid pressure reaches the start-to-discharge setting of the valve. When the fluid pressure drops below this setting, the relief valve automatically closes.

Answer 79

Valve, pressure relief

Question 80

A manually operated valve specially designed to accomplish rapid shutoff to fuel flow to dryer.

Answer 80

Valve, quick-acting

Question 81

A valve which is opened or closed by a solenoid (electromagnet). In the normally closed type, for example, the valve is opened by the solenoid but closed by a return spring and held closed by the fluid pressure upstream from the valve.

Answer 81

Valve, solenoid

Question 82

Commonly taken to mean saturated vapor pressure which is the vapor pressure of a vapor in contact with its liquid form. An example is the pressure in an LPgas storage tank. The term is also used for the pressure of the vaporized fuel being fed to the burner orifice.

Answer 82

Vapor pressure (fuel)

Question 83

In an LP-gas system, the vaporizer is a heat exchanger wherein heat is supplied to change the liquid fuel to vapor, ready for combustion. The vaporizer may be integral with the burner so that part of the heat of combustion is used for vaporization.

Answer 83

Vaporizer

Question 84

An integral vaporizer-burner unit, dependent upon the heat generated by the burner as the source of heat to vaporize the liquid fuel.

Answer 84

Vaporizer-burner

Question 85

The rate of air flow determined by dividing the quantity of air flow in cfm by the cross-sectional area.

Answer 85

Apparent velocity in meters per minute (feet per minute)

Question 86

The rate of air travel through product void space. It is determined by dividing the apparent velocity by the product void space expressed as a decimal. The average velocity is always greater than the apparent velocity.

Answer 86

Average velocity

Question 87

The in-product travel time of air from entrance to any point, usually in seconds.

Answer 87

Traverse time

Question 88

Air movement through space.

Answer 88

Ventilation front

Question 89

The space between particles in a bulk of stored crop, usually expressed as percent of total volume.

Answer 89

Void space

Question 90

So constructed or protected that exposure to the weather will not interfere with safe operation.

Answer 90

Weatherproof