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Brain > Areas and Function > Flashcards

Areas and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer layer of cerebrum, overlying deep nuclei
- frontal lobe
- occipital lobe
- parietal lobe
- temporal lobe

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2
Q

Primary cortical areas

A

receive sensory information from peripheral receptors or execute motor tasks; little interpretation of the meaning of the information
- eg., primary motor/somatosensory/visual/auditory/gustatory areas

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3
Q

Association areas

A

receive input from primary area
involved in higher order processing, integrating, and interpreting information
associate simpler elements of cognition
tune sensory expectation based on expectations, needs, etc.
- eg., premotor/somatosensory/visual/auditory/frontal association areas etc.
- prefrontal cortex

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4
Q

Brain stem (3 structures)

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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5
Q

Brain stem function

A

basic vital functions (heart rate, breathing, sleeping/alertness, digestion)
transfers information between body and cerebrum and cerebellum

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6
Q

Thalamus function

A

relay station - integrates sensory information and projects to cerebral frontal lobes
limbic system
50ish nuclei subdivisions have multiple function specializations

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7
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

controls autonomic functions
sets appetite drives and reproductive behaviour
participates in emotional responses
secretes ADH, oxytocin, releasing hormones for anterior pituitary regulation

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8
Q

Cerebrum (Telencephalon) function

A

contains cerebral cortex
motor area (voluntary muscle movements)
sensory cortex (conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature, taste)
association areas (sensory data integration and processing)

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9
Q

Cerebellum function

A

balance
coordination
voluntary and involuntary movement

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10
Q

Pons function

A

connects cerebellum to other brain centres, medulla, and spinal cord
modifies output of respiratory centres in medulla

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11
Q

Medulla oblongata function

A

regulates heart rate and contraction force
vasomotor control (blood vessel diameter)
sets breathing rate
relays information to cerebellum

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12
Q

Cerebral commissures

A

type of white matter tract that crosses midline; connects same cortical area in opposite hemispheres

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13
Q

Sulci

A

large fissures in cortex
major ones:
- central fissure (separates frontal and parietal lobes)
- lateral fissure (separates frontal and parietal from temporal
- longitudinal fissure (longest fissure)

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14
Q

Gyri

A

ridges between fissures in cortex
major ones: precentral gyrus; postcentral gyrus; superior temporal gyrus; cingulate gyrus

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15
Q

Corpus callosum

A

largest/most significant commisural fibers tract
connects left and right hemispheres

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16
Q

Parietal lobe function

A

sensory processing (touch, pressure, heat, cold, pain)
spatial coordinate system
perception of body awareness
topographically ordered

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17
Q

Occipital lobe function

A

vision
retinotopically organized

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18
Q

Temporal lobe function

A

auditory reception
affect/emotion processing
language processing
memory encoding
learning
FFA (fusiform face area); Wernicke’s area (speech comprehension)

19
Q

Frontal lobe function

A

movement
planning
motivation
motor cortex (works with sensory cortex but in different lobe)
premotor cortex
prefrontal cortex (PFC)
Broca’s area (language production)

20
Q

Premotor cortex function

A

storage of motor patterns

21
Q

Prefrontal cortex sub-regions (5)

A

orbitofrontal cortex
ventrolateral pfc
dorsolateral pfc (DLPFC)
dorsomedial cortex
ventromedial cortex

22
Q

Prefrontal cortex (PFC) function

A

high order cognition (planning, emotion regulation, abstract thinking, attention, inhibition)

23
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex function

A

understanding the relationship between action and result given situation
(if damaged: difficulty applying reasoning to actions and making appropriate decisions)

24
Q

Ventrolateral PFC

A

inhibits inappropriate actions and unhelpful thoughts

25
Q

Dorsolateral PFC

A

working memory (holding and manipulating multiple things in mind)
abstract thought (eg holding and maintaining complex sets of rules)

26
Q

Limbic system function

A

emotion processing
learning/memory encoding
motivation
regulating autonomic/endocrine function

27
Q

Limbic system structures

A

limbic lobe
hippocampus
amygdala
hypothalamus
fornix; cingulate cortex; septum; mammilary bodies

28
Q

Basal ganglia structures

A

(subcortical)
striatum (caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens)
globus pallidus
substantia nigra
subthalamic nucleus

29
Q

Basal ganglia function

A

voluntary motor movement
procedural learning
habit learning
eye movements
cognition
emotion
motivation and reward

30
Q

Pituitary gland function

A

“master gland”
produces, stores, and releases hormones
controls autonomic nervous system

31
Q

Hippocampus function

A

navigation
memory (cognitive mapping)
ie., time and space

32
Q

Amygdala function

A

fear and threat detection
processing positive stimuli
emotional memory consolidation

33
Q

Key subcortical systems (4)

A

Thalamus
Basal Ganglia
Hippocampus
Amygdala

34
Q

Key cortical systems (3)

A

somatosensory cortex
motor cortex
association areas

35
Q

Somatosensory cortex function

A

somatic sensation processing (touch, proprioception, nociception, temperature)
somatotopic arrangement

36
Q

Motor cortex regions (3 main regions)

A

primary motor cortex
supplementary motor cortex
premotor cortex

37
Q

Primary motor cortex function

A

contains homunculous
sends movement related signals to spinal cord (body movement; through corticospinal tract) and brainstem (head/neck/face movement; through corticobulbar tract)

38
Q

Supplementary motor cortex function

A

execution of sequences of movement
attainment of motor sikills
movement selection

39
Q

Premotor cortex function

A

movement planning

40
Q

Blue

A

Frontal lobe

41
Q

Yellow

A

Parietal lobe

42
Q

Pink

A

Occipital lobe

43
Q

Green

A

Temporal lobe

44
Q
A

Brain (11 decks)

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