ARGUMENTATION Flashcards
(23 cards)
WHAT IS ARGUMENTATION?
A form of discourse in which we use arguments to understand an issue more accurately. It is the dynamic process of reasoning between people
WHAT ARE THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF ARGUMENTATION?
CONTENT, PEOPLE, PROCESS
WHAT ENTAILS THE CONTENT?
THIS INCLUDES THE SUBSTANCE OF WHAT IS BEING ARGUED ( ISSUES, POSITIONS, CLAIMS)
WHAT ENTAILS THE PEOPLE?
THESE ARE THE ARGUMENT PARTNERS. THE DEFENDER ( ADVOCATE) AND THE CRITIQUE ( CHALLENGER).
WHAT ENTAILS THE PROCESS?
HOW THE PEOPLE IN AN ARGUMENT RELATE TO EACH OTHER. IT INCLUDES; 1) ACTUAL BEHAVIORS e.g yelling.
2) NORMATIVE RULES. RULES THAT DEFINE THE IDEAL OF EFFECTIVE ARGUMENTATION
DISCOURSE?
ANY FORM OF DISCUSSION, PRESENTATION OR CONVERSATION OF IDEAS WRITTEN/VERBAL WITH AN AUDIENCE IN MIND
PERSUATION?
A KIND OF DISCOURSE THAT AIMS TO CONVINCE SOMEONE OF SOMETHING.
RATIONAL PERSUATION?
THE PROCESS OF USING GOOD ARGUMENTS TO CONVINCE SOMEONE BY ILLUMINATING THE TRUTH AND PROMOTE MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF ARGUMENTATION?
RATIONAL INQUIRY( the pursuit of truth through reasoned discussion)
WHAT IS THE “MAIN ISSUE”?
THE ONE THAT WE ARE TRYING TO RESOLVE OR UNDERSTAND e.g. “is abortion ever morally justified?”
WHAT IS THE “ISSUE”?
A POINT OF CONTENTION WITHIN A CONTEXT BETWEEN 2 POV’s. IT IS THE CENTRAL POINT. e.g. “is the fetus a moral and legal person?”
CRITERIAS FOR A WELL FORMED ISSUE
- MUST BE PRECISE: should be definite under the circumstances.
- MUST BE CONTROVERSIAL: a reasonable argument about it.
- MUST BE STATED IN NEUTRAL TERMS: should not presuppose a pov.
- ONE CENTRAL IDEA: rather present compound issues and tackle after another.
WHAT IS THE POSITION?
THE STAND TAKEN ON AN ISSUE
AMBIGUOUS STATEMENT?
refers to a statement or position that can have more than one identifiable meaning in a given context
TWO TYPES OF POSITION ARE?
DEFENDED( no reason for the position is given). DFENDED( the reason for taking that position is given).
WHAT IS THE TOPIC?
THE SUBJECT OF CONCERN OF A DISPUTE USUALLY A WORD OR PHRASE
AN ARGUMENT IS?
A SET OF CLAIMS OF WHICH ONE IS OFFERED IN SUPPORT OF THE OTHER.
WHAT IS NOT AN ARGUMENT?
UNSUPPORTED CLAIMS, QUESTION, DESCRIPTION
PREMISE
A REASON GIVEN IN SUPPORT OF THE CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
THE STATEMENT YOU ARE TRYING TO CONVINCE SOMEONE OF. TRYING TO PROVE THE STATEMENT BR INFERRING FROM OTHER STATEMENTS
EVIDENTIAL CLAIMS
THESE ARE CLAIMS THAT HAVE EVIDENCE, INDEPENDENT OF RELIEFS AND RELEVEANT TO AN ISSUE.
THEY CAN BE PROVEN TRUE/FALSE.
THEY CAN APPEAL TO FACTS
REASONED OPINION
BELIEFS FOR WHICH EXPLICITVREASONS ARE GIVEN
SIMPLE OPINION
BELIEFS IN WHICH WE HAVE NO REASONS FOR.
USUALLY BASED ON PREFERENCES
