A.R.M Revision

Question 1

How is the variance related to the standard deviation?

Answer 1

The standard deviation is equal to the square root of the variance

Question 2

Power analysis is an attempt to…

Answer 2

Adress Type II errors

Question 3

An effect size of d = 0.73 is…

Answer 3

A medium effect

Question 4

What are the four core principles of the Singapore statement on research integrity?

Answer 4

Honesty, Accountability, Professionalism, and Stewardship

Question 5

In inferential statistics, error is…

Answer 5

Variance not accounted for by the model

Question 6

Cronbach’s Alpha values should be between what values to be considered reliable?

Answer 6

0.7 and 0.9

Question 7

What is not a theory led type of regression analysis?

Answer 7

Stepwise Methods

Question 8

Regarding the assumptions of multiple regression, what do we mean by ‘non-zero variance’?

Answer 8

Predictor variables should not have a variance (standard deviation) greater than zero

Question 9

I, a researcher, wanted to conduct a multiple regression with four predictors, where they were aiming for a large effect, what would be the minimum sample size required?

Answer 9

39

Question 10

What does the Durbin-Watson test, test for?

Answer 10

For independent errors

Question 11

What results tells us whether an individual predictor is significantly associated with the outcome variable?

Answer 11

The t-test results

Question 12

In a hierarchical regression, what variables are typically entered in step 2 of the analysis?

Answer 12

More exploratory or new variables where the relationship with the outcome variable is not established

Question 13

What types of variables would need to be dummy coded before being entered into a regression analysis?

Answer 13

Categorical or ordinal variables (with 3+ categories)

Question 14

To meet the assumptions of homoscedasticity, the residuals at each level of the predictor variables should have…

Answer 14

The same variance

Question 15

What does the change in F statistic tell us?

Answer 15

Whether the new additional variables significantly increase the proportion of variance accounted for

Question 16

If you want to compare the strength of associations between different predictor variables and the outcomes variable, what statistic would you read?

Answer 16

The standardised beta

Question 17

What post-hoc test is used with a two-way ANOVA design?

Answer 17

Bonferroni

Question 18

What do post-hoc tell us

Answer 18

Whether there are significant differences between conditions in an individual variable, when the variable includes 3+ conditions

Question 19

What post-hoc is used with a between-subjects design?

Answer 19

Tukey

Question 20

When should you read and interpret the Mauchly’s test of sphericity table

Answer 20

If the within-subjects variable has three or more conditions

Question 21

Regarding the non-parametric equivalent of two-way ANOVAs, what statistical test should be used to analyse a between-subjects variable with three or more conditions?

Answer 21

Kruskal-Wallis

Question 22

Regarding the non-parametric equivalent of two-way ANOVAs, what statistical test should be used to analyse a within-subjects variable with three or more conditions?

Answer 22

Friedman

Question 23

Regarding the non-parametric equivalent of two-way ANOVAs, what statistical test should be used to analyse a between-subjects variable with two conditions?

Answer 23

Mann-Whitney U

Question 24

Regarding the non-parametric equivalent of two-way ANOVAs, what statistical test should be used to analyse a within-subjects variable with two conditions

Answer 24

Wilcoxon

Question 25

Covariate variables must be

Answer 25

Continuous

Question 26

Running an ANCOVA allows researchers to...

Answer 26

Reduce error variance

Question 27

When testing the independence of the covariate and the IV in an ANOVA you want the result to be...

Answer 27

Non-significant

Question 28

ANCOVA controls for covariation...

Answer 28

Statistically

Question 29

Which test should be used for checking the assumptions of homogeneity of covariance matrices?

Answer 29

Box's test of equality of covariance matrices

Question 30

What does the assumption of homogeneity of covariance matrices mean in MANOVA?

Answer 30

The correlation between any two dependent variables is the same in all groups

Question 31

Pillai-Bartlett trace is similar to...

Answer 31

the ratio of SSm/SSt (Known as R2)

Question 32

When entering predictors into a moderation analysis, they should first be...

Answer 32

Centred

Question 33

What are Baron and Kenny's four conditions of mediation?

Answer 33

1. X -> Y 2. X -> M 3. M -> Y 4. The direct effect of X on Y must be reduced or eliminated when M is included in the model

Question 34

What does ANOVA stand for?

Answer 34

Analysis of Variance

Question 35

In a two-way ANOVA what F value tells us the effect on the DV of both IVs?

Answer 35

The interaction

Question 36

Can you violate the assumptions of homogeneity of variance?

Answer 36

Yes, but only with equal group numbers

Question 37

Can you violate the normal distribution assumption?

Answer 37

Yes, but the distributions must follow the same direction

Question 38

If the result of Mauchly's test of sphericity is significant, you need to read across which line of the tests of within-subjects effects table?

Answer 38

The Greenhouse-Geisser line

Question 39

What does HARKing stand for?

Answer 39

Hypothesising After Results are Know

Question 40

Is between-subjects regression a type of multiple regression?

Answer 40

No

Question 41

In terms of regression analyses what does VIF stand for?

Answer 41

Variance Inflation Factor

Question 42

In regression analyses, what statistic tells us whether the model is significant?

Answer 42

The F value

Question 43

In regression analyses, what statistic tells us the value of Y when X = 0?

Answer 43

The intercept

Question 44

What two statistics tell us the measure of the slope?

Answer 44

Standardised beta and unstandardised beta

Question 45

What visual on a graph is most often an indicator of an interaction effect?

Answer 45

The lines crossing

Question 46

In regression if we have high multicollinearity, what does that mean?

Answer 46

Our predictors are too highly correlated

Question 47

What is one ANOVA where Mauchly's test of sphericity will not be produced?

Answer 47

Two-way between subjects Mauchly's test of sphericity is only done on within-subjects with 3+ levels

Question 48

In what kind of analysis is the change in R2 statistic used?

Answer 48

Hierarchical regression

Question 49

What symbol is used to represent the relationship between a predictor and a mediator?

Answer 49

a

Question 50

What value of Cronbach's alpha is typically used to indicate good internal reliability?

Answer 50

0.70 Not 0.80 because that would be considered excellent

Question 51

To test whether a relationship between predictor and outcome is due to a third variable, you use...

Answer 51

Mediation

Question 52

What kind of analysis tests for the difference across conditions (the IV) when controlling for scores on a continious variable (the covariate)?

Answer 52

ANCOVA

Question 53

In moderation, what does a significant interaction mean?

Answer 53

The effect of the IV depends on the level of the moderator

Question 54

A team of researchers were interested in the long-term impact of natural disasters on sleep quality. They recruited a sample of participants in the weeks following an earthquake which hit the country they were living in. They grouped the participants based on the distance they lived from the epicentre of the earthquake; a ‘near’ group who were living within 40km of the epicentre and a ‘far’ group who were living over 40km away from the epicentre. All participants were asked to complete the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; Buysse et al., 1989) three times; within a few weeks of the earthquake, again two years later and again four years later. Scores on the PSQI range from 0 (good sleep) to 21 (poor sleep). What type of ANOVA should be used to analyse data from the above study?

Answer 54

A 2X3 mixed ANOVA

Question 55

H1: Motivation to learn will positively predict end of year exam marks. H2: Behavioural difficulties will negatively predict end of year exam marks. H3: Being a non-native-English speaker will negatively predict end of year exam marks. Are these hypotheses one-tailed or two-tailed?

Answer 55

All three hypotheses are one-tailed

Question 56

The researcher decided to conduct a follow-up study to see if the relationship between motivation to learn and exam marks was stronger amongst children who were raised by parents with higher socio-economic status (as measured by the household income) compared to parents with lower socio-economic status. What would be the most suitable test to use?

Answer 56

Moderation

Question 57

What does it mean if the result of a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is non-significant?

Answer 57

Data is not normally distributed

Question 58

What does it mean if the result of a Levene’s test is non-significant?

Answer 58

There is homogeneity of variance across conditions

Question 59

What does it mean if the result of a Mauchly's test of sphericity is non-significant?

Answer 59

Then sphericity is assumed and you should read the sphericity assumed line of the results table

Question 60

If a minimum sample size of 39 is required to see a large effect, according to Cronbach's Alpha. What is the minimum sample size for a medium effect?

Answer 60

85

Question 61

If a minimum sample size of 39 is required to see a large effect, according to Cronbach's Alpha. What is the minimum sample size for a small effect?

Answer 61

602

Question 62

When checking multicollinearity, what does the VIF value indicate?

Answer 62

If VIF is greater than 10 there is a problem If VIF the average VIF is above 5 then regression may be biased

Question 62

When checking for issues with