Armed Conflicts

Question 1

Hague conferences

Answer 1

1899 - 1907

Question 2

1899-1907

Answer 2

Hague conferences

Question 3

Geneva conventions (4 conventions : 3 revisions + 1 new)

Answer 3

1949

Question 4

1949

Answer 4

Geneva conventions (4 conventions : 3 revisions + 1 new)

Question 5

Additional protocols I and II of Geneva Conventions

Answer 5

1977

Question 6

1977

Answer 6

Additional protocols I and II of Geneva Conventions

Question 7

Rome statute of the international criminal court

Answer 7

1998

Question 8

1998

Answer 8

Rome statute of the international criminal court

Question 9

ICRC customary law rules (160 rules)

Answer 9

2005

Question 10

2005

Answer 10

ICRC customary law rules (160 rules)

Question 11

Prohibition of the use of force in international relations

Answer 11

Art 2 §4 - UN Charter

Question 12

Art 2 §4 - UN Charter

Answer 12

Prohibition of the use of force in international relations

Question 13

3 exceptions to the prohibition of the use of force in IR (=RI)

Answer 13

• self-defense : art 51 - UN Charter
• peacekeeping operations : chapter VII - UN Charter
• consent by the government of the state concerned

Question 14

Self-defense

Answer 14

Art 51 - UN Charter

Question 15

Art 51 - UN Charter

Answer 15

Self-defense

Question 16

Peacekeeping operations

Answer 16

Chapter VII (art 42) - UN Charter

Question 17

Chapter VII (art 42) - UN Charter

Answer 17

Peacekeeping operations

Question 18

Applicability of jus ad bellum and jus in bello

Answer 18

The two sets of rules apply in PARALLEL but INDEPENDENTLY

Question 19

No influence of jus ad bellum on jus in bello - principle / source

Answer 19

The equality of belligerants principle - Preamble of AP I

Question 20

If violation of jus in bello ?

Answer 20

Cannot justify a resort to force in violation of jus ad bellum - Preamble of AP I

Question 21

Human rights in armed conflicts ?

Answer 21

Human rights continues to apply to a situation of armed conflicts -> EXTRATERRITORIAL APPLICATION (within its territory ans subject to its jurisdiction)
- Art 2 §1 - pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques
- Art 1 - european convention of HR

Question 22

Interpretation of HR in order to be lawful under IHL

Answer 22

Unlawful under IHL will be unlawful under HR

Question 23

Relations of IHL / international criminal law

Answer 23

Violations of IHL can be war crimes
International criminal law condamns war crimes + genocide, crimes against huulanity, crime of agression

Question 24

Constituents elements of crimes (ICC)

Answer 24

• An objective element (actus reus) : criminal conduct in a crime definition
• A subjective element (mens rea) : intention + knowledge

Question 25

Proof of genocidal intent (mens rea)

Answer 25

Repeated acts of violation of IHL

Question 26

Examples of accusation of genocide

Answer 26

- 2019 : Israël (by South africa) - 2023 : Myanmar (by Gambia) Both cases, they refute the genocide saying it’s not an ethnical reason

Question 27

Sets of rules appling during an armed conflict

Answer 27

- General international law (UN Charter) : jus ad/contra bellum - LOAC / IHL : jus in bello - Human Rights Law - National law

Question 28

Why distinction between IAC and NIAC is important ?

Answer 28

- NIAC : IHL didn’t apply until 1949 - but tendency : same rules for both - Differences : NIAC : no combatant statute, no right to kill and destroy, no protection against prosecution, no detention right, no occupation -> state agree not to grant rebels this rights but equilibre des forces entre eux

Question 29

Art 2 GC

Answer 29

Application of GC to IAC : - state vs state or more - state vs international organization (Peu importe si l’etat de guerre n’est oas reconnu par l’un d’eux) -> no level of intensity is required

Question 30

Application of GC to IAC : - state vs state or more - state vs international organization (Peu importe si l’etat de guerre n’est oas reconnu par l’un d’eux) … -> no level of intensity is required art ?

Answer 30

Art 2 GC

Question 31

State vs National liberation movement = IAC (only if ??? Is ratified)

Answer 31

Art 1 §4 AP I

Question 32

Art 1 §4 AP I

Answer 32

State vs National liberation movement = IAC (only if ??? Is ratified)

Question 33

Kill legaly

Answer 33

Only in IAC

Question 34

When armed conflict start ?

Answer 34

First shot fired

Question 35

Quelles règles pour NIAC ? Art ?

Answer 35

Art 3 CG IV : minimum of precaution (following provisions)

Question 36

Elements d’identification du NIAC (depend of interests)

Answer 36

- identifiable parties to the conflict / organization of parties - intensity of hostilities Pour cour, si compliqué : principlenof effectivity : regarde les faits

Question 37

Art 3 CG IV : minimum of precaution (following provisions)

Answer 37

NIAC

Question 38

Internal disturbances (peacetime)

Answer 38

Art 1§2 AP II : Intensité / organisation pas assez forte pour faire un NIAC

Question 39

Art 1§2 AP II : Intensité / organisation pas assez forte pour faire un NIAC

Answer 39

Internal disturbances (peacetime)

Question 40

Conflit state vs rebels

Answer 40

Art 1 §1 AP II : application du AP II (pas pour rebel c/ rebel)

Question 41

Art 1 §1 AP II : application du AP II (pas pour rebel c/ rebel)

Answer 41

Conflist state c/ rebels

Question 42

Intervention in support of the gouv State-state c/ rebels

Answer 42

NIAC stays a NIAC

Question 43

NIAC stays a NIAC

Answer 43

Intervention in support of the gouv State-state c/ rebels

Question 44

Intervention in support of the rebels

Answer 44

NIAC may become NIAC if : - direct intervention : pas 2 conflits, IAC absorbe le NIAC - indirect intervention : NIAC -> IAC if logistical support (no suficient alone) + overall control (from Tadic, Appeals Judgment 1999) -> threshold (=seuil)

Question 45

NIAC may become NIAC if : - direct intervention : pas 2 conflits, IAC absorbe le NIAC - indirect intervention : NIAC -> IAC if logistical support (no suficient alone) + overall control (from Tadic, Appeals Judgment 1999) -> threshold (=seuil)

Answer 45

Intervention in support of the rebels