arrhythmias

Question 1

aterial cells fire occasionally from a focus

Answer 1

premature atrial contraction (PACs)

Question 2

atrial cells fire continuously due to a looping re entrant circuit

Answer 2

atrial flutter

Question 3

re-enter pathway occurs when

Answer 3

an impulse loops and results in self perpetuating impulse formation

Question 4

atrial cells fire continuously from multiple foci or fire continuously due to multiple micro re-entrant ‘wavelets’

Answer 4

atrial fibrillation

Question 5

The AV junction fire continuously due to a looping re entrant circuit

Answer 5

proximal supravetricular tachycardia

Question 6

The AV junction block impulses coming from the SA node

Answer 6

AV junctional blocks

Question 7

ventricular cells fire occasionally from one or more foci

Answer 7

premature ventricular contractions(PVCs)

Question 8

ventricular cells fire continuously from multiple foci

Answer 8

ventricular fibrillation

Question 9

ventricular cells fire continuously due to a looping re-entrant circuit

Answer 9

ventricular tachycardia

Question 10

HR <60 bpm
SA node is depolarizing slower than normal ,impulse is conducted normally(normal PR and QRS interval)

Answer 10

bradycardia

Question 11

HR >100 bpm
SA is depolarizing faster than normal ,impulse is conducted normally

Answer 11

sinus tachycardia

Question 12

sinus………. is a response to physical or psychological stress , not a primary arrhytmia

Answer 12

sinus tachycardia

Question 13

premature atrial contractions ,these ectopic originates in ……………………

Answer 13

in the atria but not in the SA node

Question 14

when an impulse originates anywhere in the atria (SA node ,atrial cells , AV node , bundle of his ) and then conducted normally through the ventricles, the QRS will be …………….

Answer 14

narrow (0.04-0.12s)

Question 15

when ectopic beats originate in the ventricles resulting in …………………….QRS complexes.

Answer 15

wide and bizarre

Question 16

the 12 leads include :

Answer 16

-3 limb leads (I,II,III)
-3 AUGMENTED LEADS (aVR,aVL,aVF)
-6 PRECORDIAL LEADS (V1-V6)

Question 17

how we can diagnose of an acute MI

Answer 17

-elevation of the ST segment(greater than one small box)(transmural or Q-wave )
-Non-ST elevation (subendocardial or non-Q-wave)

Question 18

The anterior portion of the heart is best viewed with which leads ?

Answer 18

V1-V4

Question 19

if you see changes in V1-V4 with a myocardial infarction , you can conclude that it is an …………………..

Answer 19

an anterior wall myocardial infarction

Question 20

the leads II,III and aVF see electrical activity moving from which side of heart?

Answer 20

inferiorly

Question 21

the leads I and aVL see electrical moving from which side of heart ?

Answer 21

left

Question 22

which leads see electrical activity in the posterior to anterior direction of heart ?

Answer 22

precordial leads

Question 23

what leads the lateral portion of the heart is best viewed ?

Answer 23

leads I,aVL,and V5-V6

Question 24

what leads best viewed the inferior portion of heart?

Answer 24

leads II,III,aVF

Question 25

when myocardial blood supply is abruptly reduced or cut off to a region of the heart a sequence of injurious events occurs name them?

Answer 25

1.ischemia (inadequate tissue perfusion ) 2.necrosis (infarction) 3.fibrosis scarring)

Question 26

what are the change in ECG in ischemiain ST elevation in MI?

Answer 26

ST depression, peaked T-waves, then T-wave inversion

Question 27

what are the changes in the ECG in the infarction(necrosis) in ST elevation of MI?

Answer 27

ST elevation&appearance of Q-waves

Question 28

what are the changes in the ECG in the fibrosis in ST elevation of MI?

Answer 28

ST segments and T-waves return to normal, but Q-waves persist

Question 29

what are the changes in ECG in ischemia in non-ST elevation infarction ?

Answer 29

ST depression & T-wave inversion

Question 30

what are the changes in ECG in infarction(necrosis) in non-ST elevation infarction

Answer 30

ST depression & T-wave inversion

Question 31

what are the changed in ECG in fibrosis in non-ST elevation infarction ?

Answer 31

ST returns to baseline, but T-wave inversion persists

Question 32

depolarizationof the bundle branches and parking fibers are seen as the ................ wave on the ECG.

Answer 32

QRS COMPLEX

Question 33

with bundle branch blocks you will see which change on ECG?

Answer 33

1.QRS complex widens(>0.12s) 2.QRS morphology changes

Question 34

why does the QRS complex widen ?

Answer 34

when the conduction pathway is blocked it will take longer for the electrical signal to pass throughout the ventricles

Question 35

what QRS morphology is characteristic of right bundle branch blocks?

Answer 35

for RBBBB the wide QRS complex assumes a unique , virtually diagnostic shape in those leads overlying the right ventricle(V1-V2)

Question 36

the rabbit ears IN ECG show what?

Answer 36

RBBB(right bundle branch block)