ARRT Sonography Test Questions Flashcards

Question

What is the difference between an ultrasound and x-ray? Sonograms use radiation, x-rays use sound waves. Sonograms use sound waves, x-rays use radiation. Sonograms use catheters, x-rays use IV’s. Sonograms use light, x-rays use radiation.

Answer 1

Sonograms use sound waves, x-rays use radiation Ultrasounds are considered both painless and safe. They use sound waves to see images of inside of the body, instead of radiation. The procedure uses a probe or transducer. The transducer is moved around on the skin directly. High frequency sound waves are used for the procedure.

Answer 2

128 DICOM is the digital imaging and communications standard in medicine where images are archived. This is the standard medical imaging format. Each image includes 128 bytes at the very beginning.

Answer 3

Blood velocity. The pulse repetition frequency is typically set between 1.5 kHz and 18 kHz. The blood velocity will determine how the pulse repetition frequency is set.

Answer 4

Pulse repetition frequency/2 Aliasing occurs in pulsed ultrasounds. It frequently occurs in color dopplers, and pulse wave spectral Dopplers. For pulsed ultrasounds, an upper limit is displayed of the Doppler shift. This is referred to as the Nyquist limit. It is considered pulse repetition frequency/2. Aliasing appears as bright and turbulent blood flow in the color Doppler. There are many ways to avoid aliasing. They include: image a more shallow depth, angle of insonification is increased, a low frequency transducer can be used, continuous wave imaging can be used, the scale can be changed, the baseline display is changed.

Answer 5

Spectral Doppler A Doppler ultrasound is used to evaluate blood flow that is occurring in a blood vessel. It includes both arteries and veins. There are three types. They are color Doppler, power Doppler, and spectral Doppler. A color Doppler turns measurements into a variety of colors through a computer. It can be used to show both the speed and direction of blood flow. The power Doppler is considered more sensitive than the color Doppler. It is used to get images that are considered hard or impossible to gather. It provides a greater detail of blood flow in blood vessels found in organs. It is not used to provide images about direction of blood flow. The spectral Doppler gives information about blood flow in graph measurements. It will give information about flow velocities that have been taken over a period of time.

Answer 6

Edge enhancement. Edge enhancement increases edge contrasts for a sharper image or video. It will create subtle highlights on either side of edges to make them stand out.

Answer 7

Echotexture Echogenicity is the tissue’s ability to bounce the echo. Echogenicity is relative to the Echotexture. The changes in echotexture will be altered with changes in the tissue such as coarseness.

Answer 8

To convert the signal into a format to be used with current computer systems ADC stands for Analog to digital converter. It takes analog input data and converts it to digital values for output. It converts the signal into a format to be used with current computer systems.

Answer 9

Higher resonant frequencies The frequency and wavelength are inverse. Thinner crystals create higher resonant frequencies. Thicker crystals create lower resonant frequencies.

Answer 10

In the Doppler system A mirror image can be found in the Doppler system. It is when a vessel image can be duplicated. This duplicated vessel is many times mistaken as an extra vessel instead of an image. It is an electronic duplication.

Answer 11

Power Doppler. A Doppler ultrasound is used to evaluate blood flow that is occurring in a blood vessel. It includes both arteries and veins. There are three types. They are color Doppler, power Doppler, and spectral Doppler. A color Doppler turns measurements into a variety of colors through a computer. It can be used to show both the speed and direction of blood flow. The power Doppler is considered more sensitive than the color Doppler. It is used to get images that are considered hard or impossible to gather. It provides a greater detail of blood flow in blood vessels found in organs. It is not used to provide images about direction of blood flow. The spectral Doppler gives information about blood flow in graph measurements. It will give information about flow velocities that have been taken over a period of time.

Answer 12

Thermal index for bone TI is the thermal index, which is the ration of acoustical power that will raise tissue a total if 1° C. There are more specific thermal indexes. TIB is thermal index for bone; TIC is thermal index for cranial bone, and TIS is the thermal index for tissue.

Answer 13

3 There are three different types of echocardiography. They are M-mode, B-mode, and Doppler echocardiography. Each type offers a different view.

Answer 14

Cavitation Cavitation is a mechanical effect. This occurs when there is a reaction between the ultrasound wave and microscopic bubbles. Oscillation will alter the phases of pressure.

Answer 15

Less penetration depth with higher resolution Besides the shape of the trans transducer and arrangement of the elements, image quality is determined by frequency. High frequencies provide less penetration with higher resolution.

Answer 16

In the retroperitoneal space of the right iliac fossa This space has no specific delineating anatomical structures. This is an ideal place for a transplanted kidney. It is important for a sonographer to understand the anatomy following a transplant.

Answer 17

Falciform ligament The subphrenic space is the recesses in the peritoneal cavity between the anterior part of the liver and the diaphragm, and it is separated into right and left by the falciform ligament. Knowledge of anatomy is an essential part of professionalism for radiographers.

Answer 18

Drainage of abdominal fluid Free fluid is drained from the abdomen in the procedure. It is often used for a sampling procedure.

Answer 19

Inverted comma The spleen is located behind the left rib. It's normal shape is larger at the top and smaller at the bottom, much like a comma turned upside down.

Answer 20

10 mm Swelling of the lymph nodes can be present for many reasons and may not even be a sign of a problem. Without other telltale symptoms, the lymph nodes would be about 10 mm before causing alarm.

Answer 21

Medial and anterior. Additional segmentation landmarks are needed in the lower portion of the liver because the hepatic veins are small and arborized. The gallbladder-vena cava line divides the medial and anterior segments.

Answer 22

Hemangiomas and metastases Hemangiomas and metastases may contain calcifications. Calcifications have a highly echogenic appearance and cast an acoustic shadow.

Answer 23

Up to 4 cm The transverse width of a normal gallbladder is up to 4 cm and is measured using a upper abdominal transverse scan. Knowledge of anatomy and proper evaluation of sonographic images is vital to correct diagnosis and quality patient care.

Answer 24

Distention of less than 30 mm Aortic aneurysms are bulging, weakened areas in the wall of the aorta are are generally easy to detect with sonography. Sonographic features of aortic aneurysms are distension of greater than 30 mm, pulsations, signs of aortic sclerosis, and possible partial thrombosis.

Answer 25

Left hepatic vein The left hepatic vein divides the left lobe of the liver into lateral and medial segments. When conducting abdominal sonography, the ability to identify key organs and vessels is a vital skill.

Answer 26

Calcified abscess. Some hyperechoic lesions cast an acoustic shadow while others do not. Hyperechoic, non-shadowing structures include metastasis, hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia, hepatocellular carcinoma, focal sparing from fatty infiltration, and ligamentum teres.

Answer 27

Anterior and posterior The hepatic veins are the structures that mark the segmental boundaries in the upper portion of the liver. The right hepatic vein divides the anterior and posterior segments.

Answer 28

Through the liver The liver is often known to be a window in ultrasound procedures. This is especially the case with the gallbladder since it is located behind the liver.

Answer 29

Hepatic veins In the lower portion of the liver, additional segmentation landmarks are needed because the hepatic veins run backward and upward from the periphery of the organ. The segmentation landmarks in the lower part of the liver are the ligamentum teres, vena cava, gallbladder, and right portal vein branch.

Answer 30

Splenic flexture The splenic flexture is the bend of the colon which is the juncture between the transverse and descending colon. It is located near the spleen.

Answer 31

Renal artery The majority of abdominal aortic aneurysms occur below the renal artery. An aortic aneurysm occurs when the diameter of the aorta exceeds 3 cm.

Answer 32

Body of the pancreas. The celiac trunk is related superiorly to the body of the pancreas.

Answer 33

Stomach and transverse colon. The two main barriers to scanning the aorta and vena cava are the stomach and transverse colon. However, the two vessels usually can be quickly located by sliding the transducer across the upper abdomen. Knowledge of anatomy is key to successful sonography.

Answer 34

Atypical hemangioma Focal nodular hyperplasia is a hypoechoic or sometimes isoechoic mass. FNH is often indistinguishable sonographically from an adenoma or atypical hemangioma.

Answer 35

Hernia. Hernias occur when an organ sticks out due to a weakness in the wall that holds it, such as the abdominal wall. It generally causes pain and a visible lump.

Answer 36

Have the patient positioned on the right side with the left arm stretched up over the head The spleen is difficult to visualize, so the patient should be positioned on the right side with the left arm stretched up over the head. Proper patient positioning during scans increases the quality of sonographic images produced, which are vital to correct diagnosis and superior patient care.

Answer 37

The loss of pregnancy after the fetal structure is detectable by ultrasound The embryonic phase of development is complete at the end of the 10th week. After going through dramatic changes, it is important to use ultrasound to determine the health of the embryo at this point. If there is a nonliving embryo present at this point it is known as embryonic demise.

Answer 38

Shared placenta A chorionicity scan occurs at the same time as the dating scan and looks for a shared placenta between twins. This is important to know so complications regarding a shared placenta can be monitored throughout pregnancy.

Answer 39

Secretory phase During the secretory phase, the functional layer of the endometrium continues to thicken and may demonstrate posterior acoustic enhancement. The luteal phase of the ovary corresponds with the secretory phase of the endometrium.

Answer 40

Distal end of each fallopian tube There are two fallopian tubes. Each fallopian tube is approximately 4 inches long. They extend from each ovary. Their job is to move the ovum from the ovaries into the uterus. Fimbriae are the finger like projections on the fallopian tubes. They are found on the distal end of each fallopian tube.

Answer 41

Helps the body adjust to the different stages of a reproductive life The uterus is an organ found in the female body. The uterus includes the following functions: labor, menses, implantation, gestation, and delivery. It responds to hormonal milieu. Hormonal milieu helps the body adjust to the different stages of a reproductive life.

Answer 42

About every 28 days The uterus is made up of 3 tissue layers. They include the endometrium ( inner layer), myometrium (middle layer), and serosa or perimetrium (outer layer). The inner layer is considered the most active layer. This layer reacts to cyclic ovarian hormone changes. This layer is crucial for menstruation and reproduction. In the inner layer, a fertilized egg will implant itself. If a woman is not pregnant this layers lining will slough off around every 28 days.

Answer 43

Cervix The cervix is in between the vagina and uterus. It is what softens and dilates so that a baby can be born.

Answer 44

Hormonal milieu The uterus is an organ found in the female body. The uterus includes the following functions: labor, menses, implantation, gestation, and delivery. It responds to hormonal milieu. Hormonal milieu helps the body adjust to the different stages of a reproductive life.

Answer 45

3cm The cervix in pregnancies generally 3cm or more. Any shorter and the cervix is considered short and could mean an incompetent cervix.

Answer 46

3-5mHz High frequency transducers decrease the penetration of the sound beam. 3-5mHz allows for the best penetration to get a look at the central nervous system.

Answer 47

Labia majora There are several external organs found in the reproduction system of the female. There are 6 of them. They include: labia majora, labia minora, mons pubis, vestibule, perineum, and Bartholin’s glands. Running posteriorly from the mons pubis is the labia majora. The labia majora has 2 long skin folds which are covered in hair. The labia majora is used to protect other external reproductive organs.

Answer 48

Between the anus and vaginal opening There are several external organs found in the reproduction system of the female. There are 6 of them. They include: labia majora, labia minora, mons pubis, vestibule, perineum, and Bartholin’s glands. The perineum helps constrict the vaginal opening, urinary opening, and anal opening. It supports pelvic contents. It is located between the anus and vaginal opening.

Answer 49

Almond The main function of the ovaries is to produce eggs and for the production of estrogen and progesterone hormones. The ovaries are similar in both size and shape to an almond. The ovaries lay against the pelvis’s lateral walls. Ovaries are kept in place by the broad ligament. Ovarian follicles are compact like tissues that are on the ovaries.

Answer 50

There is no identifiable intrauterine pregnancy and maternal serum HCG levels are greater than 1500. An ectopic pregnancy will show no signs of there being an embryo present in the uterus. However, HCG levels of over 1500 would indicate a pregnancy.

Answer 51

Sound waves The first trimester ultrasound occurs during week 5-14 of pregnancy. During a first trimester ultrasound, images are taken of the uterus using sound waves. Radiation is not used. This test is usually done to determine the date of a patient’s last period. It also can make sure any bleeding is not dangerous to the pregnancy.

Answer 52

Myometrium The uterus is made up of 3 tissue layers. They include the endometrium ( inner layer), myometrium (middle layer), and serosa or perimetrium (outer layer). The myometrium layer of tissue creates most of uterine volume. It is considered a muscular layer. It is made of mostly smooth muscle cells.

Answer 53

PHE-restricted diet. PKU treatment involves a diet for life. Supplements are also necessary.

Answer 54

11-16 mm A fetus estimated to be 7-8 weeks-old should have a CRL of 11-16 mm. The CRL or crown rump length is measured from the top of the head to the area above where the legs begin.

Answer 55

Sonohysterography This procedure is used to put fluid into the uterus for better ultrasound imaging. This may be needed when an ultrasound needs to be done immediately and the bladder is not full.

Answer 56

Menstruation and reproduction The uterus is made up of 3 tissue layers. They include the endometrium ( inner layer), myometrium (middle layer), and serosa or perimetrium (outer layer). The inner layer is considered the most active layer. This layer reacts to cyclic ovarian hormone changes. This layer is crucial for menstruation and reproduction.

Answer 57

Anembryonic pregnancy. When no fetal pole is identified on a transvaginal scan when the size of the gestational sac is such that a fetal pole should be seen, an anembryonic pregnancy may be diagnosed. It may also be diagnosed if no fetal pole is identified on a transabdominal scan, and there is little to no growth of the gestational sac between interval scans.

Answer 58

All of the above The uterus is an organ found in the female body. The uterus includes the following functions: labor, menses, implantation, gestation, and delivery. It responds to hormonal milieu. Hormonal milieu helps the body adjust to the different stages of a reproductive life.

Answer 59

Follicle stimulating hormone During a women’s menstruation, mucus, blood, and epithelial cells are all expelled from the uterus. It occurs on a monthly basis. Menstruation does not occur in women that are pregnant and lactation. There are three distinct hormonal interactions in a women’s cycle. In days 1-5 of a menstrual cycle there is a decrease in both estrogen and progesterone production. This phase is known as the menses phase. When progesterone drops, endometrial lining begins to slough off. The proliferative phase occurs in days 6-14. During this time, FSH s released. FSH is used to stimulate an ovum maturing. At the close of this phase, an increase of LH causes the ovum to be released or the body to ovulate. The final phase is the secretory phase which is days 15-28 of a women’s cycle. There are high levels of LH and that causes graafian follicles to turn into corpus luteum.

Answer 60

1mm At this point in pregnancy it is mostly a fetal cell mass not quite resembling a baby yet. The growth rate of 1mm per day leads to proper development and structure by the ninth week, allowing for a different type of fetal measurment by 12 weeks.

Answer 61

Premature Rupture of Membranes PROM stands for Premature Rupture of Membranes. This is associated with patients who are past 37 weeks of pregnancy and has a rupture of the membranes. This will occur before labor.

Answer 62

Fetal swallowing The biophysical profile is a sonographic evaluation of fetal well-building. It includes a specific time or number of fetal movements, breathing movements,fetal tone,amniotic fluid volume, and a non-stress test.

Answer 63

Collagen The cervix is mostly made up of collagen. The collagen is what keeps the cervix firm during gestation.

Answer 64

Establish a pattern of fetal monitoring and check for preeclampsia The baby's growth will need to be monitored closely if placenta is insufficient. The mother may also be at high risk for preeclampsia, so regular checks are crucial.

Answer 65

9 cm The average vagina is 9 cm long on the posterior wall. On the anterior wall, it is 7.5 cm.

Answer 66

Found only in females The uterus is an organ found in the female body. The uterus includes the following functions: labor, menses, implantation, gestation, and delivery. It responds to hormonal milieu. Hormonal milieu helps the body adjust to the different stages of a reproductive life.

Answer 67

Regulates a person’s metabolism The thyroid is a glad found in the neck that is used to regulate a person’s metabolism. The thyroid ultra sound is used to view the thyroid. It is an imaging method that gives a glimpse into the health of the thyroid.

Answer 68

Glandular breast tissue. When evaluating sonographic findings, it's important to take into account differential considerations. Differential considerations for the sonographic findings characteristic of a benign cyst in the breast include lactiferous duct, fibroadenoma, and carcinoma.

Answer 69

Thyroid sonograms do not use radiation. The thyroid is a gland found in the neck that is used to regulate a person’s metabolism. The thyroid ultra sound is used to view the thyroid. It does not use radiation. It is an imaging method that gives a glimpse into the health of the thyroid.

Answer 70

Mastitis When evaluating sonographic findings, it's important to take into account differential considerations. Differential considerations for the sonographic findings characteristic of fibrocystic disease include multiple breast cysts and mastitis.

Answer 71

Hyperechoic When scanning the breast it is important to know how a healthy breast should appear sonographically. The skin line of the breast appears hyperechoic.

Answer 72

Uses only a small amount of radiation. Breast sonography is used to acquire images of one or both of the breasts. Sound waves are used in breast sonography. There are many advantages , some include: can provide new clinical information after a mammogram, can getter a better view of dense breasts, does not use radiation, it can characterize masses, has the potential to eliminate the need for a biopsy, and has excellent contrast resolution.

Answer 73

4 There are four parathyroid glands. They can be found behind and next to the thyroid. They produce the parathyroid hormone. A parathyroid sonogram checks the parathyroid’s health.

Answer 74

Help with guiding a needle during a biopsy The thyroid is a gland found in the neck that is used to regulate a person’s metabolism. The thyroid glands produce the hormone thyroxine. The thyroid ultra sound is used to view the thyroid. It is an imaging method that gives a glimpse into the health of the thyroid. It can be used to help with biopsies, by guiding the needle.

Answer 75

Shrink cancer in the testicles A testicular sonography is used to acquire images of the testicles and scrotum. Sound waves are used in testicular sonography. It can show pictures of the epididymis, vas deferens, and prostate gland. It is used to evaluate a mass in the testicles, to evaluate pain in the testicles, to monitor for any recurrence of testicular cancer, identify infection, monitor inflammation, and locate undescended testicles.

Answer 76

A tool is moved back and forth over the breast. Breast sonography is used to acquire images of one or both of the breasts. Sound waves are used in breast sonography. To perform the procedure a tool is moved back and forth over the patient’s breast. The tool used is called a transducer.

Answer 77

Affordable Care Act The new Patient’s Bill of Rights was created in 2010. It is part of the Affordable Care Act. Some of the rights given under this are: patient’s are entitle to particular preventive screenings free of charge, patient’s have the right to have an easy to understand list of their health plan benefits, and all people are entitled to coverage regardless of pre-existing conditions.

Answer 78

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. HIPAA stands for Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Health plans must be in compliance with the rules set by the act. The adoption of the standards has increased the use of electronic data.

Answer 79

Administrative procedures The Standards of Ethics gives proactive guidance that promotes qualified and ethical behavior in the work environment. It is comprised of three large categories. The first is the Code of Ethics. There are ten sections. The Rules of Ethics is comprised of 22 sections. The final section, administrative procedures has 6 sections. Hearings can be found in the administrative procedures category.

Answer 80

Libel Libel occurs when a person makes false or injurious statements about another in writing. This is a form of character defamation. Sonographers and other healthcare providers have a duty to avoid libel and other forms of defamation.

Answer 81

Implied consent Implied consent is nonverbal behavior that indicates consent. It is most likely to be used in emergency situations where a patient is unable to give verbal or written consent.

Answer 82

To act in the best interest of the patient. The ARRT’s Standards of Ethics apply solely to individuals that have a certification from ARRT. The goal of the standards is to act in the patient's best interest. The Standards of Ethics gives proactive guidance that promotes qualified and ethical behavior in the work environment. It is comprised of three large categories. The first is the Code of Ethics. The second is the Rules of Ethics. The final category is Administrative Procedures.

Answer 83

Radiolucent. Contrast media is used to opacify or make visible soft tissue pockets that cannot ordinarily be seen. When used as a contrast medium, CO2 appears radiolucent on x-ray.

Answer 84

Code of Ethics. The ARRT’s Standards of Ethics is for the use of only people that have a certification from ARRT. The goal of the standards is to act in the patients best interest. The Standards of Ethics gives proactive guidance that promotes qualified and ethical behavior in the work environment. It is comprised of three large categories. The first is the Code of Ethics. The second is the Rule of Ethics. The final category is the Administrative Procedures.

Answer 85

Color Doppler A Doppler ultrasound is used to evaluate blood flow that is occurring in a blood vessel. It includes both arteries and veins. There are three types. They are color Doppler, power Doppler, and spectral Doppler. A color Doppler turns measurements into a variety of colors through a computer. It can be used to show both the speed and direction of blood flow. The power Doppler is considered more sensitive than the color Doppler. It is used to get images that are considered hard or impossible to gather. It provides a greater detail of blood flow in blood vessels found in organs. It is not used to provide images about direction of blood flow. The spectral Doppler gives information about blood flow in graph measurements. It will give information about flow velocities that have been taken over a period of time.

Answer 86

TIB. TIB is the abbreviation or symbol that represents bone in the tissue thermal index. The index also has labels for blood and tissue.

Answer 87

Same frequency The piezoelectric crystal is exposed to an alternating electric current, which causes it to emit a pulse of sound. The piezoelectric crystal that produces ultrasound waves vibrates at the same frequency as the imposed alternating current.

Answer 88

High frequency sound waves are used. Ultrasounds are considered both painless and safe. They use sound waves to see images of inside of the body, instead of radiation. The procedure uses a probe or transducer. The transducer is moved around on the skin directly. High frequency sound waves are used for the procedure.

Answer 89

It does not. The length of the near field is not affected by focusing the beam. It makes the beam narrower in the near field and the wider in the far field. This increases the resolution in the near field.

Answer 90

Ohm’s law Hemodynamics are considered physical actors that are used to govern blood flow. It s based on Ohm’s Law, which s the fundamental law of physics. Hemodynamic monitoring will be done if the patient has cardiac tamponade, acute respiratory failure, postcardiac surgery, pulmonary edema, shock, and need for fluid evaluation. It is associated with Doppler.

Answer 91

Poor resolution of structures near the transducer. With a linear transducer, multiple parallel elements are arranged in a straight line, producing a rectangular image field. The main disadvantages of a linear transducer are that it has a large footprint and it cannot scan through a narrow acoustic window close to the transducer. It also does not have the best resolution of structures at greater depths.

Answer 92

Diaphragm. Natural reflectors that are strong include diaphragm, bowel, and pleura. Objects that are offset or angled to strong reflectors can result in a mirror image artifact. Metallic objects are also strong reflectors.

Answer 93

Near field The beam is cylindrical in the near field. The beam will diverge in the far field. The near field has a larger length than the far field.

Answer 94

2 One Doppler shift occurs when sound strikes red blood cells. The other happens when the transducer receives the reflected sound wave.

Answer 95

Interpolation The scan converter is used to store the echoes in the correct location. Gaps between the scan lines are filled using a mathematical sequence called interpolation. This improves the image.

Answer 96

Contrast resolution The eye is more likely to be able to distinguish different colors as opposed to varying shades of grey. This increases the contrast between different parts of an image.

Answer 97

The time from the beginning of a frame to the next Temporal resolution is used to determine the capability the ultrasound machine has to distinguish between instantaneous events of rapidly moving subjects. The less time it takes, the more accurate results you can get.

Answer 98

Transducer Ultrasounds are considered both painless and safe. They use sound waves to see images of inside of the body, instead of radiation. The procedure uses a probe or transducer. The transducer is moved around on the skin directly. High frequency sound waves are used for the procedure.

Answer 99

Z-mode There are three different types of echocardiography. They are M-mode, B-mode, and Doppler echocardiography. Each type offers a different view.

Answer 100

Voltage created between a non-conducting substance as a mechanical stress is put on it The voltage created between a non-conducting substance as a mechanical stress is put on it is known as the piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectric materials can be found in transducers. It is considered a reversible process.

Answer 101

Propagation speed Propagation speed is the speed at which sound travels through a medium. It is determined solely by the medium and is measured in mm/s.

Answer 102

(Pulse duration/PRP) x 100 The duty factor is a fraction of transmission time, therefore, pulse duration must be divided by the pulse repetition period. The number is then multiplied by 100 to get the duty factor percentage.

Answer 103

Side-lobe artifact Side-lobe artifacts are bright, curved lines that are usually seen in hypoechoic or echo-free structures. They are caused by side-lobes, which are secondary oblique concentrations of energy located off the main beam access.

Answer 104

Hyperechoic Hyperechoic tissue produce very strong echoes. They will appear brighter than the surrounding tissue.

Answer 105

All elements. The phased array fires the beam from all elements in the transducer, and the linear from a subset of elements. The phased array manages to focus the beam by using fractional time delay.

Answer 106

Density Density is the volume of material in a given space. The denser a medium, the slower sound moves through it.

Answer 107

The range of frequencies Bandwidth refers to a specified frequency range. For instance, there are transducers that can produce frequencies from 5-7.5MHz in order to perform superficial imaging.

Answer 108

Correct Answer: DAC Digital analog converter converts the image from digital back to analog. This is necessary for the echoes to be shown with the appropriate brightness of the CRT or the cathode ray tube.

Answer 109

Doppler PI stands for pulsatility index. It is associated with Doppler. It is calculated by (Maximum flow – Minimum flow) divided by the Mean Flow. The PI should be between 1 and 5. The higher the PI, the more likely the probability of technical errors is.

Answer 110

0.1% to 1%. The duty factor typically has a range from 0.1% to 1%. It is higher in Doppler pulse because the scan time is longer.

Answer 111

Anechoic Some tissue produces no echo. This is known as anechoic tissue. It may also be referred to as sonolucent tissue.

Answer 112

It goes in all directions Scattering differs from reflection. The energy from reflection is distributed in one direction. In scattering, the energy is distributed in all directions, and it is weaker than reflected energy.

Answer 113

RI and PI The spectral Doppler waveform calculates both the resistive index (RI) and the pulsatility index (PI). Low RI or PI are indications that there is a malignancy in the tissue.

Answer 114

Good resolution of structures near the transducer In a linear transducer, multiple parallel elements are arranged in a straight line, producing a rectangular image field. The main advantage to using a linear transducer is that it has good resolution of structures near the transducer.

Answer 115

The best resolution is achieved with a particular transducer The focal zone is the area that an object should be placed in for the best results because the better resolution affords for great detail in the examination. Therefore, the focal zone is where the best resolution is achieved.

Answer 116

Pyloric region, duodenal bulb, and liver With a length of approximately 15 cm and a diameter of 2-3 cm, the pancreas has a spatial relationship with many organs. The head of the pancreas is related anteriorly to the pyloric region, duodenal bulb, and liver.

Answer 117

Left lateral decubitus position The left lateral decubitus position is facing towards the left. This would be an ideal position to get images of the gallbladder since it is on the right side.

Answer 118

Being female Females have a much higher chance of getting the condition. This is increased even more in pregnant women.

Answer 119

Renal parenchyma The parenchyma of the liver shows a moderately dense, homogeneous echo pattern. Though it is slightly hypoechoic to the liver, the renal parenchyma is used as a reference for evaluating hepatic echogenicity.

Answer 120

Anterior and posterior Additional segmentation landmarks are needed in the lower portion of the liver because the hepatic veins are small and arborized. The right portal vein branch divides the anterior and posterior segments.

Answer 121

3 mm. The gallbladder wall consists of three layers and may be up to 3 mm thick. Thickness of the gallbladder wall may be measured to diagnosis of both chronic and acute cholecystitis. Knowledge of anatomy is key to successful sonography.

Answer 122

2 to 3 cm. The average diameter of the aorta is 2 to 3 cm. Diameters which are less than or greater than this may indicate stenosis, aneurysm, or other pathology.

Answer 123

Diabetes and alcohol consumption Fat as well as toxins can greatly affect the liver. Both of these could make the liver larger and inflamed.

Answer 124

Kidney stones/cysts or tumors An ultrasound of the kidney is done to show the size and any abnormalities of the kidneys. It is often a great noninvasive way to find kidney stones, cysts, and tumors.

Answer 125

Jejunum. With a length of approximately 15 cm and a diameter of 2-3 cm, the pancreas has a spatial relationship with many organs. The body of the pancreas is related superiorly to the jejunum.

Answer 126

Cystic artery The cystic artery supplies blood to the gallbladder. The ability to locate and identify the vessels and organs of the abdomen is a key skill in abdominal sonography.

Answer 127

Where implantation takes place Decidua basalis is the piece of the decidua where the basal plate is formed and implantation takes place. It is also where the detachment of placenta takes place after birth.

Answer 128

Abdominal distention. An abdominal abscess can be caused by an infection or ulcer. If it is large it can distend the stomach.

Answer 129

Salt-and-pepper pattern in pancreatic parenchyma Fibrolipomatosis is a homogeneous increase in parenchymal echogenicity due to fatty infiltration. The condition requires differentiation from a coarse "salt-and-pepper" pattern, which is a normal variant.

Answer 130

Gonadal artery The gonadal arteries supply the gonads -- the testes in men and the ovaries in women. The ability to locate and identify the key vessels and organs is an important skill for sonographers.

Answer 131

Air in the bile ducts Air in the bile ducts typically produces a comet-tail artifact due to the high impedance mismatch. This condition can have numerous causes including a previous papillotomy, a stent in the bile duct, a biliary-enteric anastomosis, and cholangitis.

Answer 132

AIUM AIUM stands for American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. This association was made to govern the advancement and practice of ultrasound.

Answer 133

Hyperechoic portal vein walls. In chronic hepatitis, as opposed to acute hepatitis, there is decreased echogenicity of the portal vein walls. Other signs include enlarged liver and hyperechoic liver parenchyma.

Answer 134

Body and cardia of the stomach. With a length of approximately 15 cm and a diameter of 2-3 cm, the pancreas is related to numerous organs. The tail of the pancreas is superiorly related to the body and cardia of the stomach.

Answer 135

Compressibility Thrombosis of the vena cava can be identified by the following sonographic features: distension, lack of compressibility, and intraluminal echogenicity. Proper evaluation of sonographic images is vital to correct diagnosis and quality patient care.

Answer 136

Both length and depth Both the length of depth of the gallbladder are measured using an upper abdominal longitudinal scan. Proper evaluation of sonographic images is vital to correct diagnosis and quality patient care.

Answer 137

A partially closed cervix If the cervix is partially closed it can trap the placenta. This must be remedied as soon as possible to prevent bleeding and infection.

Answer 138

Asymmetric bone growth Skeletal dysplasia causes many abnormalities in the growth of bones. One such abnormality could be that one limb is longer than the other.

Answer 139

Vaginal introitus There are several external organs found in the reproduction system of the female. There are 6 of them. They include: labia majora, labia minora, mons pubis, vestibule, perineum, and Bartholin’s glands. The vestibule includes 3 parts. They are: clitoris, urethral meatus, and vaginal introitus. The vaginal entrance is the vaginal introitus.

Answer 140

Bradycardia Bradycardia occurs when the heartbeat drops below 120 beats per minute. If the cord has prolapsed it could slow the blood flow and heart rate.

Answer 141

Gastroschisis. Gastroschisis can involve the herniation of the small intestine, large intestine, stomach, or even liver and these organs are not protected by any sac. The prognosis is surprisingly good depending on the condition of the bowel at delivery.

Answer 142

10th percentile BPD is used once the gestational age is known to assess normal growth rate. When the measurement is below the 10th percentile it would indicate retarded growth.

Answer 143

All of the above. Black spots that appear on a renal ultrasound can indicate cysts, absecesses, issues with blood vessels, or kidney cancer. Further testing is recommended.

Answer 144

Organ The uterus is an organ found in the female body. The uterus includes the following functions: labor, menses, implantation, gestation, and delivery. It responds to hormonal milieu. Hormonal milieu helps the body adjust to the different stages of a reproductive life.

Answer 145

Both passage for childbirth and menstrual flow The vagina is approximately 6 inches long. It leads from the uterus to the external genitalia. It can be found between the rectum and bladder. The vagina is used to give passage for childbirth. It also gives passage for menstrual flow.

Answer 146

First trimester insult. Symmetrical intrauterine growth restriction is generally a result of first trimester insult. Asymmetrical intrauterine growth restriction may be the result of placental insufficiency, chromosomal abnormality, uterine infection or maternal hypertension.

Answer 147

Amnion When amnion first forms it closely covers the embryo. Soon, it will begin to fill with fluid to form the amniotic sac.

Answer 148

Hydrosalpinx Hydrosalpinx is an accumulation of fluid within the Fallopian tube. It is one condition which may be diagnosed with sonography.

Answer 149

6 weeks A heart beat can often be registered even before the mass of fetal cells is identified. While heart rate is slower at this time, it is present at 6 weeks.

Answer 150

Change in the color of the vagina and cervix One of the first signs of pregnancy is the change in color of the labia, cervix, and vagina. They will become a blue or purple color.

Answer 151

All of the above There are several external organs found in the reproduction system of the female. There are 6 of them. They include: labia majora, labia minora, mons pubis, vestibule, perineu, and Bartholin’s glands.

Answer 152

25.0 Fluid levels can be indicative of congenital abnormalities. It is considered too much fluid once the levels reach 25.0.

Answer 153

In the female pelvis The uterus is an organ found in the female body. The uterus has a pear like shape appearance. It is found in the female pelvis. It is between the bladder and rectum. The size on average is 8 cm long. It is divided into 3 parts, the fundus, body, and cervix.

Answer 154

High levels of LH During a women’s menstruation, mucus, blood, and epithelial cells are all expelled from the uterus. It occurs on a monthly basis. Menstruation does not occur in women that are pregnant and lactation. There are three distinct hormonal interactions in a women’s cycle. In days 1-5 of a menstrual cycle there is a decrease in both estrogen and progesterone production. This phase is known as the menses phase. When progesterone drops, endometrial lining begins to slough off. The proliferative phase occurs in days 6-14. During this time, FSH s released. FSH is used to stimulate an ovum maturing. At the close of this phase, an increase of LH causes the ovum to be released or the body to ovulate. The final phase is the secretory phase which is days 15-28 of a women’s cycle. There are high levels of LH and that causes graafian follicles to turn into corpus luteum.

Answer 155

Hematuria Hematuria is the term used to describe blood in the urine. This can be caused by strenuous exercise, certain medication, or a serious medical problem.

Answer 156

Teratoma There is more than one type of teratoma, and it is the most common congenital neoplasm composed of tissues originating from all three germinal layers. An ultrasound can often confirm this diagnosis.

Answer 157

Joins the cervix and body together The uterus is an organ found in the female body. It is also known as the womb. The uterus has a pear like shape appearance. It is found in the female pelvis. The isthmus joins the cervix and body together.

Answer 158

Small placenta. If the condition is derived from the mother, then small placenta will be a good indicator of triploidy. A small placenta can also lead to problems with breathing and oxygen levels.

Answer 159

American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine AIUM stands for the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. The AIUM gives guidelines on how to perform and record images during ultrasounds. Patients should make sure that the facility that they are receiving an ultrasound is certified by the AIUM.

Answer 160

Lie on her back. The second trimester of pregnancy ultrasound can determine the sex of the baby. It looks at how well the baby is progressing. The ultrasound in this trimester is usually done between weeks 18-22. For this ultrasound the patient will lie on her back.

Answer 161

Circulatory system The yolk sac provides early nourishment for an embryo, but it also serves as the developmental circulatory system. This is because internal circulation has not yet developed.

Answer 162

Strawberry Choroid plexus cysts on their own can go away and mean nothing. However, these cysts plus a strawberry shaped head could lead to a diagnosis of Edward's syndrome also known as Trisonomy 18.

Answer 163

Secondary oocyte The main function of the ovaries is to produce eggs and for the production of estrogen and progesterone hormones. The ovaries are similar in both size and shape to an almond. The ovaries lay against the pelvis’s lateral walls. Oogonia are eggs in a developing fetus. The amount of eggs a person releases is determined before they are born. Oogonia divide into primary oocytes by the time a female is born. Primary oocytes become active at puberty. After it divides, it will produce two different cells, the secondary oocyte (which can be fertilized) and first polar body (cannot be fertilized).

Answer 164

32-36 weeks A biophysical profile is meant to measure the health of the baby. It is done in the third trimester.

Answer 165

All of the above During a woman’s menstruation, mucus, blood, and epithelial cells are all expelled from the uterus. It occurs on a monthly basis. Menstruation does not occur in women that are pregnant and lactation. There are three distinct hormonal interactions in a woman’s cycle. In days 1-5 of a menstrual cycle there is a decrease in both estrogen and progesterone production. This phase is known as the menses phase. When progesterone drops, endometrial lining begins to slough off. The proliferative phase occurs in days 6-14. During this time, FSH s released. FSH is used to stimulate an ovum maturing. At the close of this phase, an increase of LH causes the ovum to be released or the body to ovulate. The final phase is the secretory phase which is days 15-28 of a woman’s cycle. There are high levels of LH and that causes graafian follicles to turn into corpus luteum.

Answer 166

Both the ovarian and uterine arteries The uterus is an organ found in the female body. The uterus has a pear like shape appearance. It is found in the female pelvis. It is between the bladder and rectum. The size on average is 8 cm long. It is divided into 3 parts, the fundus, body, and cervix. Blood is brought to the uterus through both the ovarian and uterine arteries.

Answer 167

Mass breaches fascial planes Cystosarcoma phyllodes are uncommon benign fibroepithelial neoplasms that may undergo a malignant transformation. The sonographic features of cystosarcoma phyllodes include an oval, unilateral mass demonstrating a low- to medium-level echo pattern, may demonstrate cystic spaces within the mass, and smooth wall margins. The mass does not breach fascial planes, and internal blood flow may be demonstrated.

Answer 168

Height of mass is larger than the width. Fibroadenoma is a tumor composed of dense epithelial and fibroblastic tissue. Sonographic features of fibroadenoma include a solid oval-shaped breast mass with low- to medium-level echo pattern, and posterior acoustic enhancement. The mass does not breach fascial planes, and the width of the mass is larger than the height. Internal blood flow may be demonstrated.

Answer 169

To acquire images of the breasts. Breast sonography is used to acquire images of one or both of the breasts. Sound waves are used in breast sonography. The sound waves can create images of the breasts. It can show all areas of the breast.

Answer 170

Neoplasm When evaluating sonographic findings, it's important to take into account differential considerations. Differential considerations for the sonographic findings characteristic of a gynecomastia include neoplasm and mastitis.

Answer 171

PTH There are four parathyroid glands. They can be found behind and next to the thyroid. They produce the parathryroid hormone (PTH). A parathyroid sonogram checks the parathyroid’s health.

Answer 172

Fibrocystic disease When evaluating sonographic findings, it's important to take into account differential considerations. The differential consideration for the sonographic findings characteristic of mastitis is fibrocystic disease.

Answer 173

All of the above The thyroid is a glad found in the neck that is used to regulate a person’s metabolism. The thyroid ultra sound is used to view the thyroid. It is an imaging method that gives a glimpse into the health of the thyroid. It is painless, and noninvasive. Normal results will include a normal size, position, and shape of the thyroid. Abnormal results can occur because of thyroid nodules, cysts, and an enlarged thyroid gland.

Answer 174

To determine the diagnosis of a mass on the lungs Breast sonography is used to acquire images of one or both of the breasts. Sound waves are used in breast sonography. There are many reasons to have one performed including: as a supplemental breast cancer screening, to determine if an abnormality is solid, to determine the nature of a breast abnormality, and to help diagnosis an abnormality.

Answer 175

Hypoechoic. When scanning the breast, it is important to know how a healthy breast should appear sonographically. The retromammary layer of the breast appears hypoechoic.

Answer 176

Terminal ductal lobular unit The terminal ductal lobular unit is formed by the acini and terminal duct, and several of these units join to form a breast lobe. Terminal ductal lobular units are an origin of nearly all breast pathology.

Answer 177

All of the above Sonographers must abide all laws, and follow the code of ethics when working with patients. They should provide care non-judgmentally as well as in a non-discriminatory manner. The sonographer should always advocate for the patient, as well as promote patient privacy, dignity and comfort

Answer 178

Patient identity verification Before a sonogram can be performed, it is necessary to get certain information. First, a patient’s identity should be verified. This can be done with government issued identifications.

Answer 179

Administrative procedures The Standards of Ethics gives proactive guidance that promotes qualified and ethical behavior in the work environment. It is comprised of three large categories. The first is the Code of Ethics. There are ten sections. The Rules of Ethics is comprised of 22 sections. The final section, administrative procedures has 6 sections. Amendments to the Standards of Ethics can be found in the administrative procedures category.

Answer 180

Informed consent Informed consent is consent obtained from a patient for a procedure, after he or she has been fully informed about the procedure. Informed consent may or may not be written, though written consent offers more legal protection and is often preferred.

Answer 181

Wound-skin precautions Wound-skin precautions are designed to protect others from germs which may be in a patient's wounds. When observing wound-skin precautions, handwashing is required and gloves and gowns must be worn. If the dressing must be removed to perform sonography, a mask must also be worn.

Answer 182

To protect patient’s from insurance companies The new Patient’s Bill of Rights was created in 2010. It is part of the Affordable Care Act. It was created to protect patients. Some of the rights given under this are: patient’s are entitled to particular preventive screenings free of charge, patient’s have the right to have an easy to understand list of their health plan benefits, and all people are entitled to coverage regardless of pre-existing conditions.

Answer 183

Nonprivileged information Nonprivileged information is information made of general facts not specific to a patient. The patient does not need to authorize disclosure of this type of information under HIPAA.

Answer 184

HIPAA HIPAA, or the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, is the federal law that governs health information. HIPAA mandates that protected health information may only be disclosed to approved parties.

Answer 185

20,000 to 3,000,000 Hz Ultrasound is a form of sound energy in the form of waves having a frequency above the human hearing range. The range of ultrasonic range frequencies is 20,000 to 3,000,000 Hz.

Answer 186

Highest. SPTA stands for the spatial peak temporal average. This would be the average of the highest exposure with the time of exposure.

Answer 187

Oblique Incident Oblique Incident occurs when the incident does not travel perpendicularly to the boundary between two different media. The incidence angle provides the direction that is traveled.

Answer 188

Mechanical index MI stands for Mechanical index. It is an estimation of the pressure pulse in tissues maximum amplitude. It is used to indicate mechanical bio-effects.

Answer 189

Power Doppler and Doppler Sensitivity. The Doppler mode is used to differentiate blood flow. This mode is made up of Power Doppler and Doppler Sensitivity.

Answer 190

Transmitter and receiver The transducer runs by the piezoelectric effect. This allows it to be both the transmitter and receiver.

Answer 191

B-mode In the B-mode, the acoustic axis of the transducer is swept through the tissues to acquire the total number of lines needed to make a sectional image. All of the image lines are then assembled to create a two-dimensional, black and white image.

Answer 192

M-mode The M-mode differs from the B-mode in that it receives echoes from both stationary tissue and moving tissue such as the heart. Like the B-mode, lines are used to complete the image.

Answer 193

Spectral Doppler. Both pulsed and continuous Doppler can be used in conjunction with color flow imaging for the best image possible. These are both known as a type of Spectral Doppler imaging which enhances information in a small region.

Answer 194

Gas Gas has low density and low stiffness. This results in an extremely low speed of sound. The speed of sound for gas is lower than it is in liquid or solid materials in the other answer choices.

Answer 195

There is no risk for patients Ultrasounds are considered both painless and safe. They use sound waves to see images of inside of the body, instead of radiation. The procedure is considered completely safe, and there is no risk to patients.

Answer 196

Longitudinal waves Ultrasounds transmit and receive waves. The waves are transmitted as longitudinal waves. These are vibrated to create compression and rarefaction.

Answer 197

Reverberation When the beam encounters two highly reflective objects it may bounce back and forth between them. This would cause multiple bands of noise to show up in an image, thus causing reverberation.

Answer 198

0.1%. The ranges of duty factor are from 0.1% to 1%.

Answer 199

Excess pressure Excess pressure is the difference between actual pressure and normal rest pressure. The pressure is positive if the medium is compressed. It is negative when rarefaction occurs.

Answer 200

ADC The analog digital converter (ADC) is used to convert echoes to digital form. The voltage amplitude is the analog. This is converted to discrete numbers for the purpose of numerical coding.

Answer 201

Good resolution of structures near the transducer. With sector transducers, the ultrasound beam is moved through a fan-shaped sector either mechanically or electronically. Advantages of using a sector transducer include: a small footprint, the ability to scan through a small acoustic window, and clear definition of structures at greater depths.

Answer 202

Pulsed ultrasounds Aliasing occurs in pulsed ultrasounds. It frequently occurs in color dopplers, and pulse wave spectral Dopplers. For pulsed ultrasounds, an upper limit is displayed of the Doppler shift. This is referred to as the Nyquist limit. It is considered pulse repetition frequency/2. Aliasing appears as bright and turbulent blood flow in the color Doppler. There are many ways to avoid aliasing. They include: image a more shallow depth, angle of insonification is increased, a low frequency transducer can be used, continuous wave imaging can be used, the scale can be changed, the baseline display is changed.

Answer 203

When a vessel image is duplicated. A mirror image can be found in the Doppler system. It is when a vessel image can be duplicated. This duplicated vessel is many times mistaken as an extra vessel instead of an image. It is an electronic duplication.

Answer 204

Artifacts Artifacts in the ultrasound images are echoes that do not correspond to an anatomic structure. They result from the physical properties of ultrasound images.

Answer 205

Heterogeneous echotexture Heterogeneous echotexture can refer to any abnormality in glands and tissue within an organ that shows up on an ultrasound. Most often, this is seen in the thyroid, liver, or breasts.

Answer 206

Decrease gain Snow occurs from noise that is displayed. Increasing the gain too far can result in noise being displayed. If snow is present, gain needs to be decreased.

Answer 207

Pulse repetition frequency Pulse repetition frequency is the number of pulses that occur in a second. It is measured in kHz.

Answer 208

Wavelength The wavelength is measured as the distance between two crests. It is the spatial period of the wave.

Answer 209

Indirect The piezoelectric effect is a reversible process. The indirect or inverse piezoelectric effect is the contraction and expansion of a crystal in response to a voltage applied across it that generates a sound wave.

Answer 210

An estimation of the pressure pulse in tissues maximum amplitude MI stands for Mechanical index. It is an estimation of the pressure pulse in tissues maximum amplitude. It is used to indicate mechanical bio-effects.

Answer 211

Completely safe Ultrasounds are considered both painless and safe. They use sound waves to see images of inside of the body, instead of radiation. The procedure is considered completely safe, and there is no risk to patients.

Answer 212

Edge-shadowing The Edge-shadowing artifact occurs when the beam hits the rounded structure edge and is reflected at an angle. Not as many echoes make it to the back of the transducer. This creates a shadow along the edge.

Answer 213

The pulse length grows The transmit pulse is designed to encompass a full range of frequencies. The transducer should be able to process these frequencies. If the bandwidth is too small, the pulse length will grow.

Answer 214

Amplitude Amplitude is measured in units of pressure. Units of pressure are expressed as Mega Pascals.

Answer 215

Tissue amplitude Spatial compounding averages different frames from the same area to limit speckling. Variations in the transmitted beam location, receiver beam location, and the transducer position.

Answer 216

15-18 cm The liver size will vary with age. The appropriate range is 15-18 cm vertically.

Answer 217

1 cm or larger Lymph nodes 1 cm or larger are considered to be suspicious. Lymph nodes are located in close proximity to blood vessels, thus vascular examinations of the abdomen should include a routine search for enlarged lymph nodes. Proper evaluation of sonographic images is vital to correct diagnosis and quality patient care.

Answer 218

Hepatopetal. Blood that flows toward the liver is said to be hepatopetal. The direction in which blood does -- or does not -- flow may reveal pathology or other abnormalities.

Answer 219

0.6 cm The average diameter of the SMA (Superior Mesenteric Artery) is 0.6 cm. Diameters less than this may indicate stenosis, while diameters greater than this may indicate aneurysm.

Answer 220

Width An upper abdominal transverse scan is used to measure the width of the gallbladder. Proper evaluation of sonographic images is vital to correct diagnosis and quality patient care.

Answer 221

A measurement of greater than 10 cm The gallbladder stores bile in the body, and should be between 7 and 10 cm. More than 10 cm would mean that the gallbladder is enlarged which may indicate a medical problem.

Answer 222

Flow evenly through the liver, then the gallbladder, then the beginning of the small intestine. This indicates that there are no blockages. The tracer must go through the liver first, since that is the easiest way to get to the gallbladder.

Answer 223

Atypical hemangioma Atypical hemangiomas have a hypoechoic, nonhomogeneous appearance. In contrast, typical hemangiomas are echogenic.

Answer 224

Gallstones Gallstones can cause an obstruction of the cystic duct. This obstruction will cause inflammation which leads to cholecystitis.

Answer 225

Cirrhosis of the liver The parenchyma of the liver shows a moderately dense, homogeneous echo pattern. Cirrhosis of the liver is characterized by an unsettled parenchymal pattern with fine or coarse granularity.

Answer 226

Lateral and medial The hepatic veins are the structures that mark the segmental boundaries in the upper portion of the liver. The left hepatic vein divides the lateral and medial segments.

Answer 227

Hypoechoic portal vein walls. When conducting sonography for acute hepatatis, you should expect to see an enlarged liver and hypoechoic liver parenchyma. The walls of the portal veins will be hyperechoic.

Answer 228

Left gastric artery The left gastric artery passes upward from the celiac trunk and runs along the superior portion of the lesser curvature of the stomach. It usually only can be traced a short distance on an ultrasound. Knowledge of anatomy is key to successful sonography.

Answer 229

Splenomegaly Spleen is for spleen and mega implies large. There are many conditions that can cause the spleen to be enlarged.

Answer 230

Hypoechoic rim Sonographic features of chronic cholecystitis include decreased gallbladder size, mural thickening, hyperechoic wall, and lack of contractility. Proper evaluation of sonographic images is vital to correct diagnosis and quality patient care.

Answer 231

Have the patient raise the right arm above the head. To optimize scanning conditions and make the liver more accessible for scanning, have the patient lift the right arm above the head. Proper patient positioning increases the quality of sonographic images produced, which are vital to correct diagnosis and superior patient care.

Answer 232

Fasting for 6 hours before and no smoking Food doesn't directly affect the pancreas but bowel gas can obstruct the view. Smoking can also affect the pancreas and stomach enough to make results different.

Answer 233

Thrombus A thrombus, or blood clot, appears as an intraluminal area of high echogenicity. Proper evaluation of sonographic images is vital to correct diagnosis and quality patient care.

Answer 234

Arteriosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis is a condition marked by the thickening and hardening of the arterial walls. This can lead to loss of elasticity, which in turn can restrict blood flow.

Answer 235

Nonparasitic hepatic cyst Hypoechoic lesions have echoes that are not as bright as normal or less bright than surrounding structures. They can be difficult to interpret in some cases. Hypoechoic hepatic lesions include metastasis, adenoma, focal nodular hyperplasia, atypical hemangioma, and hematoma.

Answer 236

Ileocolic artery The ileocolic artery supplies the appendix. This artery also supplies the distal ileum.

Answer 237

24-32 oz of water The first trimester ultrasound occurs during week 5-14 of pregnancy. During a first trimester ultrasound, images are taken of the uterus using sound waves. Radiation is not used. One hour before the ultrasound, the patient will drink between 24-32 oz of water. The patient should not empty their bladder before the procedure. The bladder should be filled with fluids so a clear image can be taken.

Answer 238

110 bpm At 5-6 week weeks, the average fetal heart rate is 110 bpm. Fetal heart rate is usually first visible on sonography at 6 weeks of gestation. Monitoring of fetal heart rate is important for detecting possible complications in the pregnancy.

Answer 239

Cerebral cortex Hydraencephaly is a replacement of normal cerebral spinal fluid. This procedure is the necessary result from vascular compromise or congenital infection of the fetal brain.

Answer 240

After the 9th day The longer it takes the split to happen, the more the twins will share. Once it gets past the 12th day, the twins will be conjoined.

Answer 241

Third trimester Neuroblastoma shows up as either a solid or cystic fetal adrenal mass. It is usually detectable in the third trimester once the adrenal gland is big enough to clearly see.

Answer 242

Covered with coarse hair. There are several external organs found in the reproduction system of the female. There are 6 of them. They include: labia majora, labia minora, mons pubis, vestibule, perineu, and Bartholin’s glands. The mons pubis is covered with coarse hair and overlies the symphysis pubis.

Answer 243

8 cm The uterus is an organ found in the female body. The uterus has a pear like shape appearance. It is found in the female pelvis. It is between the bladder and rectum. The size on average is 8 cm long. It is divided into 3 parts, the fundus, body, and cervix.

Answer 244

25 mm The mean sac diameter (MSD) is a sonographic measurement of the gestational sac. Using a trans-abdominal scan, when the MSD measures 25 mm a fetal heartbeat should be visible.

Answer 245

Phase 3 During a women’s menstruation, mucus, blood, and epithelial cells are all expelled from the uterus. It occurs on a monthly basis. Menstruation does not occur in women that are pregnant and lactation. There are three distinct hormonal interactions in a women’s cycle. In days 1-5 of a menstrual cycle there is a decrease in both estrogen and progesterone production. This phase is known as the menses phase. When progesterone drops, endometrial lining begins to slough off. The proliferative phase occurs in days 6-14. During this time, FSH s released. FSH is used to stimulate an ovum maturing. At the close of this phase, an increase of LH causes the ovum to be released or the body to ovulate. The final phase is the secretory phase which is days 15-28 of a women’s cycle. There are high levels of LH and that causes graafian follicles to turn into corpus luteum.

Answer 246

Sugar in the urine Sugar in the urine is generally a sign that diabetes has already developed. If this is the case, the test will be done in the first and second trimester.

Answer 247

Labia majora There are several external organs found in the reproduction system of the female. There are 6 of them. They include: labia majora, labia minora, mons pubis, vestibule, perineum, and Bartholin’s glands. Running posteriorly from the mons pubis is the labia majora. The labia majora has 2 long skin folds which are covered in hair. The labia majora is used to protect other external reproductive organs. The labia minora has two small folds. It is enclosed by the labia majora. The job of the labia minora is to protect the openings of the urethra and vagina.

Answer 248

M-Mode M-mode is used in echocardiography. It is a way to get readings on fetal heart rate without using Doppler which could be harmful at this time in gestation.

Answer 249

Lie on her back. The third trimester occurs from the 28th week to the conclusion of the pregnancy. In the third trimester, the last ultrasound usually occurs at the 30 week mark. Third trimester ultrasounds occur to check the baby’s heart rate. It also checks the amniotic fluid levels. In the third trimester the patient will lie on her back.

Answer 250

Between 11 and 14 weeks The base of the baby's neck still needs to be transparent in order to perform the test, but the body must be developed enough to see structures properly. The last day this test can be performed is 13 weeks and 6 days of pregnancy.

Answer 251

Heart and kidneys These two organs develop at the same time as the umbilical cord. If this stage of development is interrupted, it can affect all three.

Answer 252

Both estrogen and progesterone hormones The main function of the ovaries is to produce eggs and for the production of estrogen and progesterone hormones. The ovaries are similar in both size and shape to an almond. The ovaries lay against the pelvis’s lateral walls. Ovaries are kept in place by the broad ligament. Ovarian follicles are compact like tissues that are on the ovaries.

Answer 253

1 hour The first trimester ultrasound occurs during week 5-14 of pregnancy. During a first trimester ultrasound, images are taken of the uterus using sound waves. Radiation is not used. One hour before the ultrasound, the patient will drink between 24-32 oz of water. The patient should not empty their bladder before the procedure. The bladder should be filled with fluids so a clear image can be taken.

Answer 254

Posterior urethral valve obstruction Posterior urethral valve obstruction is a genitourinary abnormality that is dependent on fetal gender. The presence of valves within the male urethra results in a urinary obstruction demonstrating a dilated bladder and posterior urethra.

Answer 255

7.5 cm The average vaginal wall is 7.5 cm long anteriorally. Posteriorally, the average vaginal wall measures 9 cm.

Answer 256

3 The uterus is made up of 3 tissue layers. They include the endometrium ( inner layer), myometrium (middle layer), and serosa or perimetrium (outer layer). The inner layer is considered the most active layer. This layer reacts to cyclic ovarian hormone changes. This layer is crucial for menstruation and reproduction.

Answer 257

Retroverted uterus The uterus is an organ found in the female body. The uterus has a pear like shape appearance. It is found in the female pelvis. It is between the bladder and rectum. The size on average is 8 cm long. It is divided into 3 parts, the fundus, body, and cervix. Blood is brought to the uterus through both the ovarian and uterine arteries. An anteverted uterus is a normally positioned, tipped forward uterus. A retroverted uterus is tipped backward.

Answer 258

Urethral meatus There are several external organs found in the reproduction system of the female. There are 6 of them. They include: labia majora, labia minora, mons pubis, vestibule, perineum, and Bartholin’s glands. The vestibule includes 3 parts. They are: clitoris, urethral meatus, and vaginal introitus. The vaginal entrance is the vaginal introitus. The urethral meatus is considered the urethra’s opening. The urethra is used to drain out urine for the bladder.

Answer 259

Myometrium The uterus is made up of 3 tissue layers. They include the endometrium ( inner layer), myometrium (middle layer), and serosa or perimetrium (outer layer). The myometrium layer of tissue creates most of uterine volume. It is considered a muscular layer. It is made of mostly smooth muscle cells.

Answer 260

To stimulate an ovum maturing During a women’s menstruation, mucus, blood, and epithelial cells are all expelled from the uterus. It occurs on a monthly basis. Menstruation does not occur in women that are pregnant and lactation. There are three distinct hormonal interactions in a women’s cycle. In days 1-5 of a menstrual cycle there is a decrease in both estrogen and progesterone production. This phase is known as the menses phase. When progesterone drops, endometrial lining begins to slough off. The proliferative phase occurs in days 6-14. During this time, FSH s released. FSH is used to stimulate an ovum maturing. At the close of this phase, an increase of LH causes the ovum to be released or the body to ovulate. The final phase is the secretory phase which is days 15-28 of a women’s cycle. There are high levels of LH and that causes graafian follicles to turn into corpus luteum.

Answer 261

Between the wall of the uterus and rectum A cul-de-sac is the term given to a blind cavity that has one end closed. There are many areas of the body that are considered cul-de-sacs. The rectouterine pouch is commonly referred to as the pouch of Douglas. It is a cavity found between the wall of the uterus and rectum.

Answer 262

Diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol is a synthetic form of estrogen. Exposure to this chemical before birth has often been linked to cervical insufficiency.

Answer 263

Twin-twin transfusion syndrome Hydrops fetalis is sometimes likened to heart failure. Twin-twin transfusion syndrome can cause this problem for the recipient twin.

Answer 264

Rh disease Rh disease, while preventable, is a main immune cause of hydrops fetalis. Rh negative mothers need an injection before and sometimes during delivery.

Answer 265

Broad ligament The main function of the ovaries is to produce eggs and for the production of estrogen and progesterone hormones. The ovaries are similar in both size and shape to an almond. The ovaries lay against the pelvis’s lateral walls. Ovaries are kept in place by the broad ligament. Ovarian follicles are compact like tissues that are on the ovaries.

Answer 266

Preeclampsia Preeclampsia often comes along with hypertension, both of which put the baby at risk for restricted growth and low birth weight. Often they are accompanied by other conditions that are also a cause for smaller babies.

Answer 267

2 mm The terminal ductal lobular unit is formed by the acini and terminal duct, and several of these units join to form a breast lobe. Terminal ductal lobular units are an origin of nearly all breast pathology. Their diameter should not exceed 2 mm.

Answer 268

Abscess When evaluating sonographic findings, it's important to take into account differential considerations. Differential considerations for the sonographic findings characteristic of lipoma include glandular breast tissue, fibroadenoma, and complex cyst.

Answer 269

Tell how well the thyroid gland is working. The thyroid is a gland found in the neck that is used to regulate a person’s metabolism. The thyroid ultra sound is used to view the thyroid. It is an imaging method that gives a glimpse into the health of the thyroid. It is painless, and noninvasive. Normal results will include a normal size, position, and shape of the thyroid. It can also check for abnormalities, such as cysts, nodules, or tumors. The test can tell a lot, but it cannot tell how well the thyroid gland is working

Answer 270

No special preparation is needed Testicular sonography is used to acquire images of the testicles and scrotum. Sound waves are used in testicular sonography. It can show pictures of the epididymis, vas deferens, and prostate gland. It is used to evaluate a mass in the testicles, to evaluate pain in the testicles, to monitor for any recurrence of testicular cancer, identify infection, monitor inflammation, and locate undescended testicles. No special preparation is needed for the sonogram.

Answer 271

Inferior vena cava Venous drainage of the testes is achieved through two testicular veins, which drain into separate veins. The right testicular vein drains into the inferior vena cava.

Answer 272

Painless The thyroid is a glad found in the neck that is used to regulate a person’s metabolism. The thyroid ultra sound is used to view the thyroid. It is an imaging method that gives a glimpse into the health of the thyroid. It is painless, and noninvasive.

Answer 273

Dilated lactiferous duct When evaluating sonographic findings, it's important to take into account differential considerations. Differential considerations for the sonographic findings characteristic of a galactocele include fibroadenoma, complex cyst, and abscess.

Answer 274

Neck The thyroid is a glad found in the neck that is used to regulate a person’s metabolism. The thyroid ultra sound is used to view the thyroid. It is an imaging method that gives a glimpse into the health of the thyroid.

Answer 275

The entire breast Breast sonography is used to acquire images of one or both of the breasts. Sound waves are used in breast sonography. The sound waves can create images of the breasts. It can show all areas of the breast.

Answer 276

Hydrocele There are many different causes of lumps or swelling of the testicles. A hydrocele is an accumulation of fluid between the testicle and the tunica vaginalis.

Answer 277

Assault Assault occurs whenever an attempt or threat to do harm is made. No actual harm need result for an incident to be considered assault. It is a breach of the sonographer's duty to the patient to commit assault.

Answer 278

Express consent An oral or written agreement constitutes express consent. This is different from informed consent, as informed consent cannot be oral – it must involve a signature.

Answer 279

HIPAA HIPAA, or the Health Information Portability and Accountability Act, was signed in 1996. It governs the privacy and disclosure of healthcare information, as well as the electronic transfer of such information between institutions. Sonographers and other radiology technicians are bound by the provisions of HIPAA.

Answer 280

Gloves, gown, and handwashing Enteric precautions are designed to protect against diseases spread via the ingestion of microorganisms. Gloves, gown, and handwashing are required for direct patient contact when observing enteric precautions. Masks are not required.

Answer 281

Ethnocentrism Ethnocetnrism occurs when one judges another's cultural beliefs or practices and deems them inferior to his or her own way of life. Cultural factors exert great influence on a patient's health. As a result, it is important to avoid judging cultural differences or imposing your own beliefs on a patient.

Answer 282

Unintentional torts Unintentional torts result when a healthcare professional fails to observe the standards of care. Though harm may not have been intended, harm results from this negligent behavior. Malpractice is an unintentional tort.

Answer 283

Informed consent A patient's expressed desire to undergo a procedure is known as informed consent. The Patient's Bill of Rights states that patients have the right to give or to withhold consent for care.

Answer 284

Rules of Ethics. The ARRT’s Standards of Ethics is for the use of only people that have a certification from ARRT. The goal of the standards is to act in the patient's best interest. The Standards of Ethics gives proactive guidance that promotes qualified and ethical behavior in the work environment. It is comprised of two large categories. The first is the Code of Ethics. The second is the Rules of Ethics.

Answer 285

Harmonics The distorting layer of the body will be traversed only once, and the increased clarity comes from the harmonic beam that makes better use of the sound to create an image. This explains the increase in signal to noise ratio.

Answer 286

Transducers Ultrasounds are considered both painless and safe. They use sound waves to see images of inside of the body, instead of radiation. The procedure uses a probe or transducer. The transducer is moved around on the skin directly. High frequency sound waves are used for the procedure.

Answer 287

It gives clean images. There are three different types of echocardiography. They are M-mode, B-mode, and Doppler echocardiography. M-mode gives a one dimensional. This is of cardiac structures over time moving. It uses a high sampling rate. It gives clean images. Standard views are gathered from the right parasternal position.

Answer 288

PRP. The pulse repetition period (PRP) is the length of time between the pulses. This is the inverse of the pulse repetition frequency (PRF).

Answer 289

Lower frequency The higher the frequency of the transducer crystal, the less penetration is has. A transducer with a lower frequency may sacrifice resolution but will yield more penetration.

Answer 290

Fundamental frequency Harmonics uses a broad bandwidth to transmit both the fundamental frequency and the harmonic frequencies. The fundamental frequencies are filtered out, leaving the harmonic frequencies.

Answer 291

Peak amplitude of the pulse Pulse dynamic range describes the effectiveness of damping. The key component to damping is the pulse’s amplitude.

Answer 292

Amplitude The amplitude is also the strength of the wave. The wave’s amplitude measures the greatest distance that a particle can move from the normal resting position. It is the displacement amplitude.

Answer 293

M-mode M-mode is known for its excellent temporal resolution making it the perfect mode for catching rapid movements. The single scan line is used to show how structures intersected by the line move over time.

Answer 294

Transducers The voltage created between a non-conducting substance as a mechanical stress is put on it is known as the piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectric materials can be found in transducers. It is considered a reversible process.

Answer 295

Compression Adjacent particles that are moved with sound waves will result in increased pressure or decreased pressure. When they move towards each other compression occurs as the pressure increases. Rarefaction occurs when they move away from each other and pressure decreases.

Answer 296

M-mode M-mode is used to display moving structures. The acoustic axis in the M-mode display does not move to demonstrate the changing location of the mobile anatomic structures.

Answer 297

Power Doppler A Doppler ultrasound is used to evaluate blood flow that is occurring in a blood vessel. It includes both arteries and veins. There are three types. They are color Doppler, power Doppler, and spectral Doppler. A color Doppler turns measurements into a variety of colors through a computer. It can be used to show both the speed and direction of blood flow. The power Doppler is considered more sensitive than the color Doppler. It is used to get images that are considered hard or impossible to gather. It provides a greater detail of blood flow in blood vessels found in organs. It is not used to provide images about direction of blood flow. The spectral Doppler gives information about blood flow in graph measurements. It will give information about flow velocities that have been taken over a period of time.

Answer 298

Focusing Focusing is used to control the width of the beam in an ultrasound. This is what lateral resolution is based on. Focusing to create a thin beam will improve the lateral resolution.

Answer 299

Right parasternal position There are three different types of echocardiography. They are M-mode, B-mode, and Doppler echocardiography. M-mode gives a one dimensional. This is of cardiac structures over time moving. It uses a high sampling rate. It gives clean images. Standard views are gathered from the right parasternal position.

Answer 300

To view subtle changes in tissues Tissues are hard to differentiate in most ultrasounds. Gray-scale gives the contrast needed to have small variations stand out so the sonographer can better pinpoint a problem.

Answer 301

Duty factor The duty factor is also called the duty cycle. It is the portion of time when the signal is transmitted by the transducer.

Answer 302

Acoustic shadowing Acoustic shadowing occurs when sound is reflected instead of going through an object. This can tell a physician if there is some kind of blockage, tumor, or other solid object.

Answer 303

Transesophageal echocardiogram There are three types of ultrasounds that include inserting the transducer into a natural opening of the body. They are transesophageal echocardiogram, transrectal ultrasound, and transvaginal ultrasound. The transesophageal echocardiogram, the transducer is placed into the esophagus. It is used to get images of the heart. In the transrectal ultrasounds, the transducer is placed into the rectum of a man to view the prostate. In the transvaginal ultrasound, the transducer is placed into a woman’s vagina. IT is used to get images of the uterus and ovaries.

Answer 304

(Maximum flow – Minimum flow) divided by the Mean Flow PI stands for pulsatility index. It is associated with Doppler. It is calculated by (Maximum flow – Minimum flow) divided by the Mean Flow. The PI should be between 1 and 5. The higher the PI, the more likely the probability of technical errors is.

Answer 305

M-mode There are three different types of echocardiography. They are M-mode, B-mode, and Doppler echocardiography. M-mode gives a one dimensional. This is of cardiac structures over time moving. It uses a high sampling rate. It gives clean images. Standard views are gathered from the right parasternal position.

Answer 306

It decreases As a sound wave propagates through matter, some of its energy is converted into heat, and this loss of energy is called absorption. As absorption increases, the penetration of the ultrasound wave decreases.

Answer 307

Read magnification Read magnification is also called zoom and enlarges pixels. In this, the monitor displays the smaller pixel groups rather than all of the pixels. The smaller pixels are enlarged so they can be easily seen.

Answer 308

Inaccurate measurements of high velocity signals A common problem with pulsed wave Doppler is aliasing. This is an artifact that occurs when high velocity signals are confused for negatives.

Answer 309

Narrow beam The beam width affects the spatial resolution. This occurs by affecting the depth. A narrower the beam the better the spatial resolution will be.

Answer 310

Both pulsed waves and continuous waves There are three different types of echocardiography. They are M-mode, B-mode, and Doppler echocardiography. Doppler is used to view blood flow patterns, velocity, and direction. It is based upon detection of frequency changes. This is also known as the Doppler shift. Doppler uses both pulsed waves and continuous waves.

Answer 311

B-mode B-mode images are cross-sectional images. Echoes that reflect the boundaries between tissues create them. They also show irregularities within tissues.

Answer 312

Isoechoic Isoechoic tissues produce echoes of the same brightness as those produced by the surrounding tissue. These tissue are sometimes also called isosonic tissues.

Answer 313

Decreases. Doppler effect and angle of incidence have an inverse relationship. This means as one decreases the other increases.

Answer 314

High frequencies Axial resolution is one-half of the spatial pulse length. The higher the frequency, the lower the spatial pulse length. This helps to improve the axial resolution.

Answer 315

Piezoelectric effect Piezoelectric ceramics or crystals are the materials used in a transducer. When electric currents are applied to this material it changes shape rapidly, thus producing vibrations and sound waves that move outward.

Answer 316

Left subphrenic The subphrenic space is the recesses in the peritoneal cavity between the anterior part of the liver and the diaphragm, and it is separated into right and left by the falciform ligament. The left subphrenic space is located between the spleen and the left hemidiaphragm. Knowledge of anatomy is an essential part of professionalism for radiographers.

Answer 317

Left kidney and splenic vein. With a length of approximately 15 cm and a diameter of 2-3 cm, the pancreas is related to numerous organs. The tail of the pancreas is related posteriorly to the left kidney and splenic vein.

Answer 318

Supine The supine position is where the patient lays on his or her back. This is best for imaging since the interior vena cava is located to the left of the abdominal aorta.

Answer 319

Hemangiomas. Echo-free lesions appear as black masses on the ultrasound. Echo-free lesions of the liver include nonparasitic hepatic cyst, hydatid cyst, and liver abscess.

Answer 320

Benign prostatic hyperplasia Hyperplasia means overformation, and benign means specifically noncancerous. This term is used to describe an enlarged prostate that is not due to cancer.

Answer 321

Cystic liver Hereditary cystic liver disease is characterized by cysts of varying size that permeate the liver. These cysts appear as echo-free lesions, meaning that they are black masses on the ultrasound.

Answer 322

All of the above The location of the right adrenal gland above the right kidney puts it close to many other structures. This is why it can be seen using any of the above.

Answer 323

No eating after midnight the night before Gallbladder ultrasounds require minimal or no contraction and as little gas as possible. The best way to achieve this is to cease eating after midnight the night before.

Answer 324

Right gastric artery The branches of the aorta that can be seen with ultrasound are the celiac trunk with the splenic, hepatic, and left gastric artery; the superior mesenteric artery; the right and left renal arteries; and the right and left iliac arteries. These vessels create patterns in scans that can be used as landmarks. Knowledge of anatomy is key to successful sonography.

Answer 325

Ligamentum teres. Lesions that are isoechoic to the liver parenchyma can be detected by changes in their surroundings or structural differences. Examples of isoechoic lesions include focal nodular hyperplasia, hepatocellular carcinoma, metastasis, and hemangioma.

Answer 326

Normal variant Occasionally, cross sections of the portal vessels appear as very bright echoes in a completely healthy liver. This ultrasound finding is a normal variant.

Answer 327

Pancreatic lipase in serum Pancreatitis can disrupt proper pancreatic functioning. When it is disrupted lipase is released into serum.

Answer 328

Triangular or oval Focal sparing refers to one or more areas of normal liver parenchyma that have been spared by the process of fatty infiltration. They usually have a triangular or oval shape.

Answer 329

Colon and splenic hilum. With a length of approximately 15 cm and a diameter of 2-3 cm, the pancreas is related to numerous organs. The tail of the pancreas is related laterally to the colon and splenic hilum.

Answer 330

Renal artery The rental arteries supply blood to the kidneys. The ability to identify and locate the vessels and organs of the abdomen, and an understanding of which vessels supply which organs, is a key skills in abdominal sonography.

Answer 331

Common hepatic artery The common hepatic artery curves upward and to the right from the celiac trunk to the porta hepatis. The common hepatic artery runs alongside the bile duct and the portal vein. Knowledge of anatomy is key to successful sonography.

Answer 332

They cannot be distinguished from hepatocellular carcinoma based on ultrasound criteria alone. Adenomas of the liver are rare lesions that are classified as precancerous. They cannot be positively distinguished from metastases or hepatocellular carcinoma based on ultrasound criteria alone.

Answer 333

Echo-free Hepatic metastases typically appear as hypoechoic lesions, or they may be isoechoic or hyperechoic. They may be relatively homogeneous, especially when small, but they typically appear as a target lesion with a hypoechoic rim.

Answer 334

Splenic artery The splenic artery supplies blood to the spleen. The ability to locate and identify the key vessels and organs of the abdomen is a vital skill in abdominal sonography.

Answer 335

Ribs and a high diaphragm The two main barriers to scanning the liver are the ribs and a high diaphragm. Different techniques may be used to overcome these barriers and optimize scanning conditions.

Answer 336

Hepatocellular disease Hepatocellular disease is responsible for many liver cancers. It is important when it comes to an ultrasound of the portal vein because metastasis can commonly occur here.

Answer 337

Induce uterine contractions The smooth muscle it contains has a phasic pattern between contracting and resting. This is what causes contractions to begin labor.

Answer 338

Fetal down syndrome The second trimester of pregnancy ultrasound can determine the sex of the baby. It looks at how well the baby is progressing. The ultrasound in this trimester is usually done between weeks 18-22. During this trimester, fetal down syndrome can be determined.

Answer 339

Alpha fetoprotein. Alpha fetoprotein is a plasma protein found in the human fetus. While the exact use of it is unknown, it is known that it is used in abundance during gestation. In gastroschisis, the mother often has extremely high levels of the protein.

Answer 340

Less than one ounce Amniocentesis is used to detect defects such as Down syndrome and Tay-sachs in those with a high risk. Very little is needed in order to perform the tests.

Answer 341

Week 6 Changes in the body begin to occur almost immediately after conception. In the 6th week, the uterus will soften, and this is generally when the heartbeat can be detected as well.

Answer 342

Salpingitis Salpingitis is an inflammation of the Fallopian tube. This is one condition that may be seen via sonography. It is often a sign of a larger condition, such as PID.

Answer 343

Anterior pituitary gland The main function of the ovaries is to produce eggs and for the production of estrogen and progesterone hormones. The ovaries are similar in both size and shape to an almond. The ovaries lay against the pelvis’s lateral walls. Ovulation occurs when a mature egg is ejected from the ovary. Ovulation is in response to the luteinizing hormone. The anterior pituitary gland releases the luteinizing hormone.

Answer 344

Signs of placenta previa appearing in the second trimester. Placenta previa occurs when the placenta hangs low and does not retreat for the third trimester. It would mean that a C-section would have to be performed.

Answer 345

Crown-rump length. Crown-rump length during the first trimester is the best and most accurate method for measuring gestational age. Femur length and biparietal diameter as well as mean sac diameter are not considered to be the most accurate measurement of gestational age.

Answer 346

Ectopic pregnancy An ectopic pregnancy occurs when the embryo is outside the uterus. The sac and fluid would form in preparation for the embryo, but the embryo would not be present. This would lead to the pseudo gestational sac and free fluid.

Answer 347

No intertwin membrane Since the twins are sharing amniotic fluid, there is no membrane in between them. This often means only one yolk sac is present.

Answer 348

Menses phase During a woman’s menstruation, mucus, blood, and epithelial cells are all expelled from the uterus. It occurs on a monthly basis. Menstruation does not occur in women that are pregnant and lactation. There are three distinct hormonal interactions in a woman’s cycle. In days 1-5 of a menstrual cycle there is a decrease in both estrogen and progesterone production. This phase is known as the menses phase. When progesterone drops, endometrial lining begins to slough off. The proliferative phase occurs in days 6-14. During this time, FSH s released. FSH is used to stimulate an ovum maturing. At the close of this phase, an increase of LH causes the ovum to be released or the body to ovulate. The final phase is the secretory phase which is days 15-28 of a woman’s cycle. There are high levels of LH and that causes graafian follicles to turn into corpus luteum.

Answer 349

Obesity Obesity puts anyone at risk for diabetes because it puts excess strain on the pancreas. A body mass index over 30 is what is considered obese.

Answer 350

It will produce two different cells The main function of the ovaries is to produce eggs and for the production of estrogen and progesterone hormones. The ovaries are similar in both size and shape to an almond. The ovaries lay against the pelvis’s lateral walls. Oogonia are eggs in a developing fetus. The amount of eggs a person releases is determined before they are born. Oogonia divide into primary oocytes by the time a female is born. Primary oocytes become active at puberty. After it divides, it will produce two different cells.

Answer 351

Secretory phase During a women’s menstruation, mucus, blood, and epithelial cells are all expelled from the uterus. It occurs on a monthly basis. Menstruation does not occur in women that are pregnant and lactation. There are three distinct hormonal interactions in a women’s cycle. In days 1-5 of a menstrual cycle there is a decrease in both estrogen and progesterone production. This phase is known as the menses phase. When progesterone drops, endometrial lining begins to slough off. The proliferative phase occurs in days 6-14. During this time, FSH s released. FSH is used to stimulate an ovum maturing. At the close of this phase, an increase of LH causes the ovum to be released or the body to ovulate. The final phase is the secretory phase which is days 15-28 of a women’s cycle. There are high levels of LH and that causes graafian follicles to turn into corpus luteum.

Answer 352

All of the above The uterus is made up of 3 tissue layers. They include the endometrium ( inner layer), myometrium (middle layer), and serosa or perimetrium (outer layer). The myometrium layer is comprised of smooth muscle fiber. These fibers are arranged in different patterns like spiral, circular, and longitudinal.

Answer 353

Being large for gestational age. Risk factors for cord knots include: - babies with long cords - small fetuses - identical twins (share the same amniotic sac) - breech - excessive amniotic fluid

Answer 354

Endometrial lining begins to slough off During a woman’s menstruation, mucus, blood, and epithelial cells are all expelled from the uterus. It occurs on a monthly basis. Menstruation does not occur in women that are pregnant and lactation. There are three distinct hormonal interactions in a woman’s cycle. In days 1-5 of a menstrual cycle there is a decrease in both estrogen and progesterone production. This phase is known as the menses phase. When progesterone drops, endometrial lining begins to slough off. The proliferative phase occurs in days 6-14. During this time, FSH s released. FSH is used to stimulate an ovum maturing. At the close of this phase, an increase of LH causes the ovum to be released or the body to ovulate. The final phase is the secretory phase which is days 15-28 of a woman’s cycle. There are high levels of LH and that causes graafian follicles to turn into corpus luteum.

Answer 355

6 inches The vagina is approximately 6 inches long. It leads from the uterus to the external genitalia. It can be found between the rectum and bladder. The vagina is used to give passage for childbirth. It also gives passage for menstrual flow.

Answer 356

Pelvis’ lateral walls The main function of the ovaries is to produce eggs and for the production of estrogen and progesterone hormones. The ovaries are similar in both size and shape to an almond. The ovaries lay against the pelvis’s lateral walls. Ovaries are kept in place by the broad ligament. Ovarian follicles are compact like tissues that are on the ovaries.

Answer 357

The bladder should be emptied for an internal sonogram. The first trimester ultrasound occurs during week 5-14 of pregnancy. During a first trimester ultrasound, images are taken of the uterus using sound waves. Radiation is not used. One hour before the ultrasound, the patient will drink between 24-32 oz of water. The patient should not empty their bladder before the procedure. The bladder should be filled with fluids so a clear image can be taken. The bladder should be emptied for an internal sonogram.

Answer 358

Endometrial biopsy An ultrasound can be used when a biopsy is being done. This will help guide the physician through finding the right area to pull a sample from.

Answer 359

Lupus A biophysical profile is especially important in high risk pregnancies. Lupus is known to carry many risks in pregnancy for both mom and baby.

Answer 360

120-180bpm. By seven weeks the heart rate is at its normal rate. A fetus is very small and requires a faster heart rate to ensure oxygen is pumped through the blood properly.

Answer 361

Obesity Ultrasound may prove to be difficult in those who are severely overweight. The amount of fat tissue between the transducer and the object can make it hard to see.

Answer 362

None of the above Ultrasounds gain an image of the baby with sound waves. It is safe for both the baby and mother. They can be done during all three trimesters.

Answer 363

Vagina cavity The uterus is an organ found in the female body. It is also known as the womb. The uterus has a pear like shape appearance. It is found in the female pelvis. It is between the bladder and rectum. The size on average is 8 cm long. It is divided into 3 parts, the fundus, body, and cervix. The uterine cavity opens up to the vagina cavity. The uterus and vaginal cavity combined create the birth canal.

Answer 364

3 During a woman’s menstruation, mucus, blood, and epithelial cells are all expelled from the uterus. It occurs on a monthly basis. Menstruation does not occur in women that are pregnant and lactation. There are three distinct hormonal interactions in a woman’s cycle. In days 1-5 of a menstrual cycle there is a decrease in both estrogen and progesterone production. This phase is known as the menses phase. When progesterone drops, endometrial lining begins to slough off. The proliferative phase occurs in days 6-14. During this time, FSH s released. FSH is used to stimulate an ovum maturing. At the close of this phase, an increase of LH causes the ovum to be released or the body to ovulate. The final phase is the secretory phase which is days 15-28 of a woman’s cycle. There are high levels of LH and that causes graafian follicles to turn into corpus luteum.

Answer 365

5-6 weeks The fetal pole is the first image that can be seen of the embryo. It shows in the form of a thickening on the margin of the yolk sac between 5 and 6 weeks of pregnancy.

Answer 366

All of the above The uterus is an organ found in the female body. The uterus has a pear like shape appearance. It is found in the female pelvis. It is between the bladder and rectum. The size on average is 8 cm long. It is divided into 3 parts, the fundus, body, and cervix.

Answer 367

Nipple inversion When scanning the breast, it is important to know congenital anomalies. Nipple inversion is a congenital breast anomaly in which the nipple inverts inward.

Answer 368

All of the above Breast sonography is used to acquire images of one or both of the breasts. Sound waves are used in breast sonography. There are many reasons to have one performed including: as a supplemental breast cancer screening, to determine if an abnormality is solid, to determine the nature of a breast abnormality, and to help diagnosis an abnormality. It is a good screening tool for woman will breast implants, pregnant woman, and woman that have dense breasts.

Answer 369

Left renal vein Venous drainage of the testes is achieved through two testicular veins, which drain into separate veins. The left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein.

Answer 370

Vasectomy There are many different causes to testicular lumps and swellings. A varicocele is the dilation of venous drainage of the testicle. It most commonly occurs on the left and after a vasectomy.

Answer 371

To check for brain cancer The thyroid is a glad found in the neck that is used to regulate a person’s metabolism. The thyroid ultra sound is used to view the thyroid. It is an imaging method that gives a glimpse into the health of the thyroid. There are many reasons that a test will be conducted including checking for: thyroid cancer, papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, and colloid nodular goiters.

Answer 372

Spermatocele There are many different causes to testicular lumps and swellings. A spermatocele is a dilated epididymal duct that contains proteins and sperm. It is a benign mass and rarely require treatment.

Answer 373

Both measure the size and the shape of the thyroid gland The thyroid is a gland found in the neck that is used to regulate a person’s metabolism. The thyroid ultra sound is used to view the thyroid. It is an imaging method that gives a glimpse into the health of the thyroid. It is painless, and noninvasive. Normal results will include a normal size, position, and shape of the thyroid.

Answer 374

To better evaluate what is found in a mammogram or breast exam Breast sonography is used to acquire images of one or both of the breasts. Sound waves are used in breast sonography. The sound waves can create images of the breasts. It can show all areas of the breast. They are commonly used to better evaluate what is found in a mammogram or breast exam.

Answer 375

Radiologist Breast sonography is used to acquire images of one or both of the breasts. Sound waves are used in breast sonography. The images received will be reviewed by a radiologist.

Answer 376

Anechoic round or oval mass A galactocele is an obstruction of a lactating duct that presents as a palpable retroareolar mass. The sonographic features of a galactocele include a round or oval hypoechoic retroareolar mass with smooth wall margins and posterior acoustic enhancement.

ARRT Sonography Test Questions Flashcards

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