Art, Culture & History Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
Describe the realism movement and what kinds of subjects it portrayed
A
France in 1850s which documented people and life they experienced. Manual labor, lives of everyday people, dark serious tones
2
Q
What kinds of themes did Frida Kahlo explore?
A
Pain, injuries, issues of childbirth, identity
3
Q
What does Picasso’s guernica depict?
A
Horrors of war, suffering from the Spanish civil war, anti war painting
4
Q
What kinds of themes does Romare Bearden explore in his work?
A
African american neighborhood climates through collage, jazz, rural south
5
Q
How did humanism help women artists?
A
humanism emphasized the value of all people, helped women artists reach acclaim
6
Q
How did pop art change the art scene?
A
blurred the line between high art and mass produced cultural objects, elevated common items to fine art
7
Q
What were African art objects often used for?
A
religious purposes like display on an altar, sacrifice, commemoration, to contact spirits of ancestors.
8
Q
How were African masks used?
A
In performances and rituals, dancer would put on mask and took on role of a powerful spiritual being
9
Q
How does Eastern art differ from western art?
A
Doesn’t follow the same elements and principles or have a hierarchy of fine arts vs craft. Craftsmanship is valued in Asia
10
Q
What does Eastern art most typically depict?
A
landscapes and spiritual ideas, flat plane instead of perspective
11
Q
Describe how buddhism influenced asian art
A
Mandalas (depict the universe) and Buddha statues present in Asian art. Art sought to depict man’s understanding of nature. Attempted to capture the inner essence of things
12
Q
Describe Middle Eastern art
A
Art made in Middle east by muslim and non muslim artists. Religion as theme, man’s temporary presence on earth compared with infinity. Floral depictions and calligraphy from the Quran
13
Q
Describe Early Aboriginal Art. What had a large influence on this art?
A
From Australia that included rock paintings and carvings. Rock art for ceremonial purposes. European colonization of Australia. Australian painting arose depicting landscapes and rural pioneer
14
Q
Describe the evolution of latin american 3 art in steps. What 3 cultures is latin american art a mix of?
A
Indigenous people with utilitarian objects, when colonized by Europe styles began to blend, further blend with African slaves, Indian natives. Depicted religious topics. Latin American art is a blend of Indian, African, and European art
15
Q
When did Impressionism flourish in America?
A
19th century
16
Q
What kind of prehistoric artworks have been found and where?
A
Europe- petroglyphs, cave paintings, Venus of Willendorf. China and Japan prehistoric pottery and bronze figures. Australian and African cave paintings
17
Q
What era are the Lascaux cave paintings from?
A
Paleolithic Era
18
Q
What kind of art work was found in Egypt? When? Where was it found?
A
Painting, Sculpture, jewelry. 3000 BC to 30 AD. Tombs of wealthy leaders.
19
Q
How were statues used in Ancient Egypt? What is a ka statue?
A
As a conduit for people to interact with gods. Ka statue is a statue for the resting place of a person’s life force
20
Q
What did Ancient Egyptian art mostly depict?
A
Not meant to be seen, created for tombs, emphasized life after death
21
Q
How did Ancient Egyptian artists used scale in artworks?
A
Larger the figure the more important they were
22
Q
Describe frescoes. In which period were they most commonly used?
A
murals painted on wet plaster walls, when dried pigment showed. Renaissance
23
Q
During what time period was the Renaissance?
A
14th-16th centuries
24
Q
During what time period was baroque art?
A
17th-18th centuries
25
Describe the Baroque style of artwork
Meant to inspire a sense of awe, illustrate catholic and biblical ideas, dramatic sense of movement, hidden symbols in artwork, detailed
26
What is chiaroscuro and when was it most commonly used?
Contrasting strong light and dark tones to create a high contrast scene, Baroque art
27
What is tenebrism?
Keeping an area of a piece black while a portion of the subject is illuminated
28
With which culture did Classical art begin?
Greeks which later influenced Romans
29
Describe what Greek sculpture portrayed
religion, nude athletics, sponsored by government and made for public
30
What kind of media did Romans use?
Encaustic, tempera on panels, frescoes, mosaics
31
What is encaustic?
pigment mixed with hot wax
32
What is tesserae?
Pieces of glass or tile for mosaics
33
What kind of media did the Greeks use?
marble, limestone, cast bronze, terracotta, pottery with red and black figure styles
34
When was the medieval art period?
Between fall of Roman empire and Renaissance
35
What are the three parts of the medieval art period?
Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic
36
Describe Byzantine art
From Byzantium empire, favored symbolism, imperial and religious subjects
37
Describe Romanesque art
Massive churches with stone arches, frescoes and encaustic on panels
38
Describe Gothic art
Cathedrals and elaborate architecture with decoration, paintings: animated figure paintings painted small in relation to the background
39
Describe Mannerism. What was it in reaction to?
Reaction to Renaissance, focused on style on technique more than meaning, arose from scientific discovery that earth revolves around the sun and man is not the center of the movement
40
Describe the reformation movement
highlighted need for church reforms, brought turmoil and religious uncertainty
41
How did the reformation movement influence mannerism?
Reflected uncertainty by displaying people in new ways, played with promotions, elongated limbs, small heads, unnatural poses, flattened composition
42
Describe El Greco's work. What time period was he from?
Painted figures with elongated and strange proportions displaying strong emotions, unnatural poses, figures seem to be lit from within or from an unseen source, Mannerist painter
43
Describe Tintoretto's work. What time period was he from?
Mannerist painter, religious works, elongated forms and forced poses, better spatial depth and understanding of lighting
44
What did Renaissance artists study?
Anatomy and perspective
45
Who were the three most famous Renaissance artists?
Michelangelo, Leondardo da Vinci, Raphael
46
Describe Leondardo da Vinci and his most well known works. What technique did he pioneer?
Renaissance man because he had knowledge of math, astronomy, art, literature, Mona Lisa and Last Supper. Sfumato- subtle gradations to create smoky look
47
Describe Michelangelo and his most well known works.
Eastern of anatomy, David statue, sistine shape, ceiling, achieved fame during his lifetime and inspired Raphael
48
Describe Raphael and his most well known works.
Skillful composition, depictions of human nature, School of Athens, mastery of perspective
49
When did Neoclassicism occur? What intellectual movement did it collide with?
Late 18th and early 19th centuries, Age of Enlightenment- reason as authority
50
Des ribe Neoclassicism works
Attempt to revive classical Greek style, depart from Baroque, serious, somber colors, smooth paint with no brushstrokes
51
Describe Jacques-Louis Davis and his most well known works. What time period was he a part of?
Neoclassical style, Oath of Horatii- tells a classical roman story where Horatii brothers take an oath to defend Rome, figures foreground creating an almost sculptural relief in a painting
52
Describe Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres and his most well known works. What time period was he a part of?
Neoclassical artist, Student of David, known for portraits, Oedipus and the Sphinx- Greek myth of Oedipus where Oedipus is guessing riddle of Sphinx, Oedipus depicted as beautiful ideal young man in classical style
53
Describe the Romanticism movement
Emphasized emotion and individualism, illustrated literary themes and attempted to capture the beauty and sublime of nature
54
Which artistic movement elevated landscape painting? How?
Romanticism, created monumental landscape paintings, vast spaces with people dwarfed in comparison, mystical landscapes
55
Who were the 3 most famous romanticists?
Eugene Delacroix, Theodore Gericault, Thomas Cole
56
What time period is Eugene Delacroix from? What is he most known for?
Romanticist, Liberty leading the people, female figure of liberty leading french revolution, violent dramatic historical scene
57
What time period is Theodore Gericault from? What is he most known for?
Romanticist, Raft of medusa- larger than life size, aftermath of wreck of French naval ships, people escaping onto raft, men dying to nature
58
What time period is Thomas Cole from? What is he most known for?
Romanticist, The oxbow- river in Connecticut after thunderstorm, painted american landscapes in romanticist style
59
Where and when did realism begin? Describe the movement
France, 1850s, rejected romanticism, wanted to portray ordinary scenes with accuracy, people from all walks of life
60
What movement is considered the first modern art movement? Why?
Realism, first modern art movement because artists rejected traditions and expanded the definition of what is considered art
61
Who were the 4 most famous realist artists?
Courbet, Millet, Daumier. Eakins
62
What time period is Courbet from? What is he most well known for?
Realism, Stonebreakers- shows workers in France, natural colors and lighting
63
What time period is Eakins from? What is he most well known for?
Realism, Max Schmitt in a Single Scull- depicting outdoor sports, Gross Clinic- scene from surgical operation
64
Where and when did Impressionism begin? Describe the movement
Paris, 1800s, plein air painting, departed from faithful depiction of scene and attempted to capture impression of it instead, effects of light, paint in a tube was recently invented
65
Who were the 4 most famous impressionist painters?
Monet, Degas, Cassatt, Renoir
66
What movement was Monet a part of? Describe his work
Impressionism, gardens, cathedrals, water lilies, increasingly abstract over time
67
What movement was Degas a part of? Describe his work
Impressionism, ballerinas and dancers, movement with visible brushstrokes
68
What movement was Cassatt a part of? Describe his work
Female impressionist, domestic scenes with child and mother
69
What movement was Renoir a part of? Describe his work
Landscapes and portraits, masterful understanding of light, impressionist
70
When was post impressionism? Describe the movement
French art movement, explore emotional response of artist and depart from naturalism, bold and pure colors and real life subject matter, distorted forms, exaggerated colors, heavy outlines
71
Who were the 3 most famous post impressionist artists?
Van gogh, gauguin, cezanne
72
Describe Neoimpressionism, Which painted is most known in this era?
Seurat, planned approach with pointillism
73
Describe Expressionism. When was Expressionism? What is a famous Expressionist artwork?
Early 20th century, strong colors and distorted forms to express feelings in artworks, swirling brushstrokes, evoke strong feelings in viewer. Edward Munch the scream
74
Describe Cubism. When was Cubism?
Early 20th century. Several viewpoints shown simultaneously, simple geometric shapes to construct a scene. Analyze a form, break it apart, and reassemble in abstract way
75
Who are 2 famous cubist artists?
Picasso and Duchamp
76
Describe Constructivism. Who was a famous Constructivist artist?
Abstract style of art and architecture inspired by cubism but wanting to make 3D cubist forms. Tatlin-
77
Describe De Stijl. Who was a famous artist from this period?
reduction of artwork to geometric shapes, lines, primary colors, universal form of expression. Piet Mondrian
78
Describe Dadaism. Who was famous Dada artist?
reaction in disgust to WWI, depart from traditional values of art and create new kind of art, considered anti art. Readymades, photomontage. Duchamp
79
Describe Surrealism. Who were 2 famous artists?
Strange dreamlike scenes painted with accuracy, drew heavily from Freudian theories. Magritte and Dali
80
Describe Abstract Expressionism. When was this period?
1940s and 50s. artists sought freedom of expression in their work, first truly American art movement, also called New York school. Includes colorfield painting and action painting
81
What is color field painting?
solid areas or fields of color on large scale that extend to edges of canvas suggesting colors continue to infinity, large scale envelopes viewers in color
82
What is action painting?
Dripping, Splashing paint on canvas using movements. Used to harness unconscious
83
Describe popart. Who were 3 famous pop art artists?
art that incorporated popular culture into artwork and celebrated consumer items. Warhol, Lichtenstein, jasper johns (American flags)
84
Describe Postmodernism. When was it?
Mid to late 20th century. Rejected rules of style, incorporated ideas of subjectivity, originality, authorship and commodification of art production in work.
85
Who is famous Postmodernist artist? Describe their work
Richter, combined high and low art by using photography and painting, project a photo on a canvas and then paint without black and white tones then blend paint to make blurry. Mechanical reproduction that took artist and emotion out of artwork
86
Who are 3 famous feminist artists?
Kruger, Sherman, Ringgold
87
Describe the work of Barbara Kruger
paired black and white photos with text to explore gender and identity issues, appropriate images from magazines
88
Describe the work of Faith Ringgold
African American feminist artist working with themes of racial and gender identity and equality, through quilts, recognized need for equality in the artwork
89
What was the Armory Show and what impact did it have on the art world?
1st major exhibition of modern art in US, in NY. inclusion of many of the cubist, dadaist works in prestigious show allowed artists to rethink their styles and experiment with new ways of creating art
90
What was the Degenerate Art Exhibition?
Held by Nazi party in Munich in 1937, Nazis removed 20000 artworks that were deemed too modern or progressive and shown as proof of "decay of culture"
91
Who were 2 famous Harlem Renaissance artists?
Lawrence, Douglas
92
Describe the work of Jacob Lawrence
African American artist in Harlem Renaissance, Migration series shows migration of black people from rural south to urban north
93
Describe the work of Aaron Douglas
painted murals on buildings and illustrations for covers of publications, shows progression of black people from slavery to the freedom of industrialized north
94
Describe the Ashcan school
American realist painters portraying NY urban life in authentic way
95
Describe Hudson River school
American art movement mid 19th century, landscape painters painting in romantic style, belief in nature as revolution of God (Thomas Cole
96
What is The Factory
Warhol's studio in NY, location for artists and celebs to hand out, assembly line of art production, mass producing silk screen workers and helpers made work for him
97
Describe art deco
style characterized by streamlined forms, symmetry, geometric shapes, lines, vibrant colors, meant to be pleasing to the eye
98
Describe Classical Architecture
Buildings that employ principles of Greek and Roman architecture, post and beam systems with columns
99
Describe Romanesque architecture
style of architecture characterized by semicircular arches for doors and windows, many castles and churches built this way, structure relies on walls
100
Describe Gothic architecture
Light, airy, beautiful structures, tall designs with upward visual movement. Flying buttress is element of style and helped attain new heights. Gargoyles, vaulted ceilings
101
What is a balustrade?
Series of pillars that support a rail to form a low wall or balcony
102
What is a pediment?
Triangular top used in Greek temples, Found under the roof but on top of the columns, triangle within usually decorated with relief sculptures
103
What is a flying buttress?
Support that holds the vault and the outer support, visible support beam
104
What is a spire?
Tapering structure that comes to a point at the top of a building (skyscrapers)
105
What is a caryatid?
Stone carving of female figure, draped in clothing
106
What is a basilica?
Originally type of Roman building where public functions were held but became base of design for Christian church
107
What is an obelisk?
Tall, 4 sided structure that tapers to pyramidal point, entrances to Egyptian temple, also Washington DC
108
What is an oculus?
Circular opening in the center of a dome
109
Describe Renaissance architecture
Emphasized proportion, symmetry, order, arches, domes, columns
110
Describe Baroque architecture
Complex architecture with oval design, dramatic lighting, large frescoes on ceiling, bronze gilding, sculpted angels. Express wealth and power of Catholic church during time of Counter reformation (movement in response to protestant reformation)
111
Describe Rococo architecture
Pastel colors, excessive elaborate ornamentation, interior grander than outside
112
Describe Neoclassical architecture
Reaction to excessive ornamentation that prioritized blank walls rather than decoration, flat roof, wall of columns (Lincoln Memorial)
113
Describe Art Nouveau Architecture
First modern architectural style, curved graceful lines, decorations influenced by nature, mosaics, stained glass, express modern ideas and nontraditional forms
114
Describe Beaux Arts Architecture
Arched doors and windows, columns, grand stair ways, marble floors, high vaulted ceilings
115
Describe Art deco architecture
Apartment buildings and public structures, block forms, broken up by ornamental motifs, modern design on a budget (Chrysler building)
116
Describe Bauhaus architecture
Developed from Bauhaus school who sought to connect art with design and tech. Walter Gropius, simple and straightforward style, minimalist and industrial aesthetic, unadorned functionality, function over form
117
Who was the pioneer of modern architecture?
Walter Gropius
118
Describe the Prairie School Movement
Frank Lloyd Wright, Midwestern US, home design, open floor plan, strings of windows, use of natural materials like stone and wood
119
Who was the father of skyscrapers?
Louis Sullivan, founded modern skyscraper
120
Describe the International Style of Architecture
After WWI need for office buildings and industrial buildings, buildings sheathed in glass (lots of modern day buildings)
121
What is a grotesque?
Carved mythical creature for building decoration (not gargoyle because those have functional purpose as water spout)
122
What is a plinth?
Square slab at bottom of column
123
Describe form follows function in modern architecture
Design of building should be led by its purpose, decorative elements are inessential
124
What is the golden ratio?
geometric proportion as a way to add balance and beauty to a composition (1 to 1.618)
125
What is hierarchical proportion?
Technique used to emphasize parts of sculpture by using unnatural proportions
126
What is deconstruction criticism theory?
Examining many potential meanings in an artwork and finding underlying meanings
127
What is formalist aesthetic theory?
Analyzing visual aspects of an artwork only like elements and principals
128
What is the cultural perspective aesthetic theory?
Looks at artwork with consideration of cultural and social norms associated with it or artist
129
What is the expression aesthetic theory?
Focuses on art as the artist's expression of emotions, art as way to process emotion
130
Describe the change from Classical to Hellenistic period of art
Increase in emotion and realism showing figures with more energy, intensity, and suffering
131
Describe raku pottery
pottery that is low fire and hand built
132
Write an aspect ratio of a height of 9 and width of 16
W:H is 16:9
133
Which of the following describes a characteristic that Egyptian and Mayan pyramids have in common?
Square base with four sides
134
Which of the following describes an advantage of using gouache instead of acrylic paint?
It stays the same color when it dries.
135
Which of the following art movements was the Art Deco movement influenced by?
Fauvism and Cubism
136
What is a famous example of post and lintel construction?
Stonehenge
137
Which graphic file formats is an example of lossy compression?
A .jpg file is an example of lossy compression in a graphic file. Lossy compression will result in a significantly reduced file size,
138
What are the names for a type of photographic positive created on a thin sheet of metal?
tintype, which is also called a melainotype or ferrotype
139
Describe Roy Lichtenstein’s motivation for using comic book styling in his artwork?
He wanted to push the boundaries of copyright by using previously created comic panels.
140
Which of the following types of printers will produce the best-quality photo prints?
Inkjet
141
Name a knitting stitch
purl
