Art History Final

Question 1

Mycerinus and His Queen - Ancient Egypt

Answer 1

The stiffness of the poses, symmetry of the faces and bodies, staring eyes, and angular outlines of the queen’s elbow and the pharaoh’s headdress all create a visual impression of solidity and strength.
Both male and female figures represent individuals and ideal male and female types.

Question 2

Mycerinus and His Queen - Ancient Egypt

Answer 2

The stiffness of the poses, the symmetry of the faces and bodies, the staring eyes, and the angular outlines of the queen’s elbow and the pharaoh’s headdress all create a visual impression of solidity and strength. Both male and female figures represent individuals and ideal male and female types.

Question 3

Augustus of Prima Porta - Roman

Answer 3

Based on the Greek “Spear Holder”. Greek idealization and Roman realism combine to create a convincing portrait of a “real man” and an effective image of the perfect leader.

Question 4

Christ as the Good Shepherd - Early Christian

Answer 4

Early christians had no alternative artistic tradition of their own to draw from, early representations of Christ often show him as The Good Shepherd, a young man like the Greek god Apollo. In Christ as the Good Shepherd, we can see signs that the Roman artistic style was changing to become less naturalistic, more stylized, and symbolic.

Question 5

David - Donatello - Renaissance

Answer 5

was the first freestanding bronze sculpture since ancient times. David is depicted as prepubescent to portray that miracles can only happen through and by God.

Donatello followed the Greek style and portrayed David nude. David was barely an adolescent. It shows that the boy is not aware of the intercession but is proud of himself for accomplishing something like this.

*it is a good example of Renaissance naturalism.
— Remember Donatello’s was Bronze

Question 6

David - Michelangelo - Renaissance

Answer 6

Sculpted by Michelangelo. Unlike Donatello’s version (bronze child), Michelangelo’s David was depicted as a powerful man and a symbol of the youthful vitality of Florence.

Question 7

Mona Lisa - Da Vinci - Renaissance

Answer 7

Created by Da Vinci during the renaissance.
revolutionized portraiture with its movement and life beyond any seen before.
shows ideals of realism, individualism, and secularism- portrait of a woman and has nothing to do with God.

Question 8

Venus of Urbino - Titian - Renaissance

Answer 8

Renaissance painting by Titian depicting a naked woman; shows ideal beauty through sensual artistry; made for visual pleasure not religious or moral instruction.

Question 9

David - Bernini - Baroque

Answer 9

Dynamic energy and movement– depicts the specific moment before David releases his slingshot, David’s realist face contorted to show concentration and effort.

–Remember Bernini’s is Bold Baroque– movement

Question 10

The Swing - Fragonard - Rococo

Answer 10

a light and playful painting by Jean Honore Fragonard, it depicts a tastefully dressed young woman swinging above her lover– a great example of Rococo style

Question 11

Oath of the Horatii - David - Neoclassical

Answer 11

Neoclassical painting by Jacques- Louis David

tells a story to teach proper values (based on a legend from the Roman Republic) This painting depicts the moment a father tells his sons to swear their lives for the good of their country.

Emphasizes virtue, patriotism, self-sacrifice, and fidelity to a higher purpose.

Question 12

The Slave Ship - Turner - Romantic

Answer 12

Romantic painting by Turner, portraying a disaster caused by nature and the cruelty of greed; a scene of wild beauty and horror; conveys a strong anti-slavery message.

Question 13

Two Girls on the Banks of the Seine - Courbet - Realism

Answer 13

scene is taken from real life; good example of realist art because it depicts scenes from everyday life despite the opinions on the subject.

Question 14

Impression: Sunrise - Monet - Impressionism

Answer 14

view of the French port of Le Havre with the sun just visible over the horizon. Its vivid colors and lack of detail or outline convey an immediate impression of a place and time of day.

Question 15

Starry Night - Van Gogh - Postimpressionism

Question 16

The Cry - Munch - Expressionism

Answer 16

recreates the psychological terror Munch experienced.

The swirling of the curving lines doesn’t create a sense of pleasant harmony with nature but the opposite. – Packed tightly and crowding the central figure, they become ripples of tension.
Nature is threatening; life is unbearable

The Scream depicts not only a shattering sound wave but is also a representation of inner life.

Making inner feelings visible would be the aim of many artists in the new century and would be known as Expressionism.

Question 17

Fountain - Duchamp - Dada

Answer 17

what Duchamp called “ready-made,” art that asserted a new right for the artist: Anything an artist says is art. Because of this, Duchamp opened up the possibility that countless everyday items could be art.

Question 18

The Treachery of Images - Magritte - Surrealism

Answer 18

“This is not a pipe”
-titles were chosen to inspire a justifiable mistrust of any tendency the spectator might have to over-ready self-assurance.
-Magritte wanted to make the viewer conscious of limitations of signs, labeling, and language

Question 19

Ancient Egypt

Answer 19

artists were commissioned by royalty, the style was mostly unchanged for about 3000 years– the Egyptians preferred formality and symmetry (sometimes came across as rigid)

Question 20

Classical Age

Answer 20

(4th-5th century BCE) acropolis was a major architectural accomplishment of the time and represent the ideal greek/roman architecture. The Greek values of clarity, order, and unity.

Question 21

Greek Ideology

Answer 21

Balance, harmony, and proportion are evident in Greek sculptures.

By appearing more lifelike, or naturalistic, than statues of previous cultures, Greek statues represent the ideal beauty of the human form – youth, strength, grace.

A Greek’s perspective on physical and mental health was based on the study of the human body.

Question 22

Ancient Greece

Answer 22

They sought a perfect balance between body and mind, natural harmony among muscular prowess, mental vigor, and physical beauty.

Question 23

Stoicism

Answer 23

Greek philosophy of ideal dignity and self-control

Question 24

Polykleitos

Answer 24

sought to capture the ideal proportions of the human figure in his statues and developed a set of aesthetic principles governing these proportions that were known as the Canon or “Rule.”

In formulating this “Rule,” Polykleitos created a system based on a simple mathematical formula in which the human body was divided into measured parts that all related to one another.

Question 25

Ancient Rome:

Answer 25

Romans absorbed their artistic ideals from the Greeks, they were more realistic than idealistic, more active than philosophical, and more pragmatic than creative. The Romans also contributed something unique to the world of Western sculpture: a tradition of realistic portraits.

Question 26

Rotunda

Answer 26

A rotunda is any building with a circular ground plan, and covered by a dome. The Pantheon in Rome is a famous rotunda. -remember Rotunda and Round

Question 27

Oculus

Answer 27

The oculus is the only natural source of light from the inside. It symbolizes the union of the earth and sky, which allows human prayer to ascend to the heavens. It links architecture to the cosmos.

Question 28

Stupa

Answer 28

a mound-like or hemispherical structure containing relics (typically the remains of Buddhist monks or nuns) that is used as a place of meditation.

Question 29

Mosque

Answer 29

The simplest mosque would be a prayer room with a wall marked with a “mihrab” – a niche indicating the direction of Mecca, which Muslims should face when praying. A typical mosque also includes a minaret, a dome, and a place to wash before prayers. Each feature has its own significance.

Question 30

Minaret

Answer 30

in Islamic religious architecture, the tower from which the faithful are called to prayer five times each day by a muezzin, or crier. Such a tower is always connected to a mosque and has one or more balconies or open galleries.

Question 31

Mihrab

Answer 31

a niche (indention) in the wall of a mosque or religious school (madrasa) that indicates the direction of Mecca

Question 32

Early Christian Art

Answer 32

more stylized and symbolic than roman art. Eastern Roman Empire, Byzantine art styles grew more popular, they were stylized, 2-dimensional, and decorative. Early Christians used the same artistic media as the surrounding pagan culture including frescos, mosaics, sculptures, and illuminated manuscripts. Early Christians used the Late Classical style and adapted Roman motifs and gave new meanings to what had been pagan symbols.

Question 33

Cathedral

Answer 33

early Middle Ages, the basic shape of Christian churches evolved into a Latin cross, with a long, rectangular room, or nave, crossed by a shorter rectangular transept, which ran perpendicular to the main space. In contrast to Classical and Romanesque styles, the Gothic decoration was organic. The unique features of Gothic architecture were the pointed arch, the ribbed vault, exterior buttresses, and stained-glass windows.

Question 34

Nave

Answer 34

central and principal part of a Christian church, extending from the entrance

Question 35

Transept

Answer 35

transverse aisle crossing the nave in front of the sanctuary in a church

Question 36

Renaissance

Answer 36

14th - 16th centuries in Europe, meaning “rebirth”, a period famous for art and architecture and generally considered the beginning of the modern world. Marked by the renewed interest in classical culture as well as the development of capitalism, nation-states, scientific investigation, and individualism.

Question 37

Donatello

Answer 37

The greatest sculptor of his time; sculpted the first freestanding bronze figure since ancient times

Question 38

Michelangelo

Answer 38

a child prodigy, studied at the Medici Palace. Sculpted “David” and painted the Sistine chapel.

Question 39

Da Vinci

Answer 39

Renaissance artist rejected the idea of adhering to the works and words of previous artists (without question), he did his own research and questioned the old ways of things He corrected the ancient architect’s proportions to the actual human proportions.

Question 40

Sfumato

Answer 40

Renaissance Technique; for softening the transition between colors, mimicking an area beyond what the human eye is focusing on, or the out-of-focus plane. (example: mona lisa)

Question 41

Figure triangle

Answer 41

common in Renaissance compositions, a triangular arrangement of elements, most often figures.

Question 42

Titian

Answer 42

Greatest colorist and painter of the Venitian Renaissance

Question 43

Impasto

Answer 43

Thick layers of paint that are built up to build richness and texture (Titian used this technique)

Question 44

Dürer

Answer 44

probably the first artist to paint pictures devoted solely to a self-portrait. Dürer’s greatest talent was not as a painter but as a printmaker. His graphic work in metal engravings and woodcuts made his name

Question 45

Mannerism

Answer 45

16th-century Italian art movement was a reaction to the Renaissance ideals artists used distortion to demonstrate their inventiveness and their highest aim was elegance.

Question 46

Serpentinata

Answer 46

The Mannerists believed the body was most elegant when posed so the limbs and torso resembled the letter S. They called this pose the serpentinata, or the twisting of a live snake in motion.

Question 47

Baroque

Answer 47

17th-century art movement, with dramatic use of light and dark and preferred dynamic movement and theatrical effects– as well as intense naturalism and the inclusion of ordinary life in religious scenes

Question 48

Chiaroscuro

Answer 48

the dramatic contrast between light and dark

Question 49

Bernini

Answer 49

Internationally successful architect and sculptor from the Baroque period; brilliant sculptor of marble. Known for his sculpture of David

Question 50

Rococo

Answer 50

18th-century art movement, characterized by a lighthearted, decorative style, with the typical subject of lovers; it was a reaction to the formality of classicism

Question 51

Age of Reason (Enlightenment)

Answer 51

an intellectual movement that began in England and spread to France and throughout Europe by the end of the 28th century. Great scientists and mathematicians stressed the value of rationality over faith and embraced the ideas of progress.

Question 52

Neoclassicism

Answer 52

a reaction to Rococo art and the visual expression of the ideal of the Enlightenment. Characteristics include clarity of lines, color, and form reminiscent of ancient, classical order. Its artists sought to create universal moral lessons that would educate and improve the viewer.

Question 53

Jacques-Louis David

Answer 53

Neoclassical ideals followed them to their logical conclusions, concentrating their power. His style of painting appeared brutal when first appeared. All the fluidity and elegance of the Rococo were replaced by a new icy-hard surface. David’s figures seem to be carved rather than painted.

Question 54

Romanticism

Answer 54

19th-century art movement, a reaction to Neoclassicism’s logic and order looks for the inner truth of intuition and passions. Artists of this movement admired the untamed power of nature and used a painterly style

Question 55

Turner

Answer 55

English romantic painter, known for his dramatic, lavishly colored land and seascapes. Known for his work “The Slave Ship”

Question 56

Hudson River School

Answer 56

a group of 19th-century, American Romantic painters who saw the American landscape as unspoiled and full of great - divine - promise.

Question 57

Realism

Answer 57

art movement focused on the world around them, particularly problems like poverty and political repression exposed the gritty detail of contemporary life.

Question 58

Courbet

Answer 58

Realist artist who was not content to paint society but set out to offend it; painted “Two Girls on the Bank of the Seine”

Question 59

Impressionism

Answer 59

A modern art movement that began around 1870 in France. Based on the idea of conveying an immediate impression of a place and time of day. These painters worked outdoors, directly studying the moment's light and color. Their typical style achieved heightened color effects by placing colors side by side rather than mixing them.

Question 60

Monet

Answer 60

gave impressionist its name represented the purest example of impressionist method: subject matter, and spirit

Question 61

Post Impressionism

Answer 61

Separate expressions of dissatisfaction with impressionism at the end of the nineteenth century by artists who had initially worked in that style. post-impressionist artists use bold, vivid color and abstract shapes to create a new visual effect the most important figures of this new movement were Goerges Seurat, Paul Gauguin, Vincent wan Gough, and Paul Cezanne

Question 62

Pointillism

Answer 62

the post impressionism style developed by Georges Seurat. By placing small spots of pure color side by side, Seurat let the viewers eye optically mix the colors and thereby increase their luminosity

Question 63

Expressionism

Answer 63

A modern Art movement that went beyond art that went beyond an imitation of the world toward an intense re-creation of feeling. Making inner feelings visible was achieved with powerful ( often clashing) colors and vivid contrast of light and dark

Question 64

Munch

Answer 64

-Expressionist artist's most notable work: the scream -wanted Norwegians to abandon their cold formality and puritanical attitudes, to open eyes and face life -left Paris with new techniques and dedicated to reveal underlying emotions of life

Question 65

Fauvism

Answer 65

"wild beasts." A group of French artists led by Henri Matisse in the early 1900s. inspired by post-impressionists They ignored perspective and used bright nonrepresentational colors as a source of pleasure

Question 66

Cubism

Answer 66

A style of art in which the subject matter is portrayed by geometric forms, especially cubes

Question 67

Analytic Cubism

Answer 67

The first phase of Cubism. A collection of views from different angles fused into a balanced design with limited color.

Question 68

Synthetic Cubism

Answer 68

The second phase of cubism, where more colorful and playful visual symbols replaced the limited colors and angular planes of analytical cubism

Question 69

Futurism

Answer 69

An early-20th-century Italian art movement that championed war as a cleansing agent and denounced the existing art scene celebrated the speed, innovation, and dynamism of modern technology.

Question 70

Dada

Answer 70

A meaningless term for international art movement that began before world war I. Its manifestos called for the destruction of all values- the end of art, morality, and society. This "anti-art" which took the form of bizarre performances and exhibitions of found objects or "ready-mades" was an effort to evolve a new way of thinking, feeling, and seeing

Question 71

Duchamp

Answer 71

-New York City 1915 -notorious figure in us because of armory show -organizer of exhibit at society of independent artist in New York - "Fountain" Dada

Question 72

Surrealism

Answer 72

an art movement begun in 1920 that depicted dreams and visions of the irrational unconscious and was inspired by Sigmund Freud's theories

Question 73

Magritte

Answer 73

Painted everyday objects in incongruous settings

Question 74

The Treachery of Images

Answer 74

"This is not a pipe" -titles were chosen to inspire a justifiable mistrust of any tendency the spectator might have to over-ready self-assurance. -viewer conscious of limitations of signs, labeling, and language

Question 75

Abstract Expressionism

Answer 75

An American art movement that began in the 1950s. The paintings were abstract and embodied the emotional expression of the artist

Question 76

Color-field Painting

Answer 76

A kind of Abstract Expressionism characterized by large areas of color that are more dominant than any particular shape.

Question 77

Action Painting

Answer 77

The energetic brushwork of Abstract Expressionism, apparently done in fits of intense and almost violent activity.

Question 78

Pop Art

Answer 78

An American and English art movement of the 1960s that celebrated the commodities and celebrities of the time

Question 79

Warhol

Answer 79

most famous and influential of pop artist -painted Campbells soup cans, cardboard sculptures of Brillo boxes, and producing images of celebrities that implied connection to these images

Question 80

Earth Art

Answer 80

An American art form that emerged in the 1960s. Often using the land itself as their material, artists constructed monuments of great scale and minimal form.

Question 81

Minimalism

Answer 81

An American art movement that began in the 1960s. Art is stripped down to the essentials; paintings and sculptures are self-sufficient and have no subject matter, content, or meaning beyond their presence as objects in space

Question 82

Superrealism

Answer 82

A movement that began in 1970s that in two dimensions, recreates the look of photographs. In 3 dimensions, casting is often used to achieve the utmost fidelity to reality

Question 83

Postmodernism

Answer 83

Post-World War II intellectual movement and cultural attitude focusing on cultural pluralism and release from the confines and ideology of Western high culture.