Arterial supply of the head and neck

Question 1

Anastomosis

Answer 1

Connection between blood vessels that allows collateral circulation

Question 2

3 types of anatomosis

Answer 2

1. Between 2 arteries
2. Between 2 veins
3. Between an artery and a vein

Question 3

Terminal/ end artery

Answer 3

Artery with insufficient anastomoses to maintain viability of tissues supplied if occlusion of the artery occurs

Question 4

(true/anatomic) terminal/ end artery

Answer 4

Does not anastomose
E.g. to retina

Question 5

(Functional) terminal/ end artery

Answer 5

Ineffectual anastomoses
E.g. in brain

Question 6

Arteriovenous anastomosis

Answer 6

type of anastomosis btw A and V
- Blood is shunted from arterioles to venules without passing through a capillary

Question 7

Where do you find arteriovenous anastomosis

Answer 7

• superficial arteriovenous anastomosis opens when the body reaches a high temperature and enables the body to cool itself
  (for thermoregulatory purposes)

Question 8

Types of blood vessels

Answer 8

1. Arteries
2. veins
3. Capillaries

Question 9

Arteries carry blood

Answer 9

away from the heart

Question 10

Most arteries carry ______ blood
- Except the _________

Answer 10

oxygenated
- pulmonary artery

Question 11

Arteries carry oxygenated blood from ______ to ______

Answer 11

heart
tissues

Question 12

At the tissues, the oxygen and nutrient exchange is carried out by the _________

Answer 12

capillaries

Question 13

The capillaries return the ______ blood to the veins which bring it ________
- except the _______

Answer 13

deoxygenated
back to the heart
- pulmonary veins

Question 14

The aorta pushes _______ blood into the ______

Answer 14

oxygenated
arteries

Question 15

4 main artery types in the body

Answer 15

1. Large elastic arteries
2. medium muscular arteries
3. Arterioles and then into the
4. capillaries

Question 16

The capillaries consist of

Answer 16

one layer of endothelium and a concordant basement membrane

Question 17

Capillaries are specially adapted to provide

Answer 17

short diffusion distances for nutrients and gaseous exchange with the tissue they supply

Question 18

Capillaries are specially adapted to provide

Answer 18

short diffusion distances for nutrients and gaseous exchange with the tissue they supply

Question 19

Arteries -> capillaries -> veins

Question 20

The venous system takes ________ from capillaries and deliver it to the ______
(except _________)
In the heart, blood can be pumped _________

Answer 20

deoxygenated blood
heart
pulmonary vein
in the lungs to be reoxygenated

Question 21

Question 22

Arteries carry blood _____ from the heart
= ____________

Answer 22

away
distributors of blood to arterioles

Question 23

Arteries server as pressure reservoirs.
What does this mean?

Answer 23

Elastic fibres act as secondary pumps after heart

Question 24

What helps to stabilize blood pressure?

Answer 24

Pressure receptors in the walls of arteries

Question 25

All arteries except ______ carry oxygenated blood in an adult

Answer 25

pulmonary arteries

Question 26

arterioles are

Answer 26

Small arteries that carry blood to capillaries (distributors)

Question 27

How do arterioles maintain normal blood pressure and circulation

Answer 27

they serve as resistant vessels

Question 28

Form pre-capillary sphincters near where capillary originates

Answer 28

Smooth muscle in walls of arterioles

Question 29

What is the function of the pre-capillary sphincters?

Answer 29

reduce blood flow through a network of capillaries by constricting arterioles may also increase flow by relaxing pre-capillary sphincters

Question 30

Question 31

____ pairs of arteries supply the head and the neck

Answer 31

4

Question 32

Question 33

4 pairs of arteries supply the head and the neck

Answer 33

1. Common carotid artery 2. 3 branches from the subclavian artery 2.1 Vertebral artery 2.2 Thyrocervical trunk 2.3 Costocervical trunk

Question 34

Most parts of the head and neck receive their blood from the

Answer 34

right and left common carotid artery

Question 35

Common carotid artery ascends in the

Answer 35

anterior of the neck, just lateral to the trachea

Question 36

Common carotid artery is divided into two triangles by a muscle:

Answer 36

Sternocleidomastoid

Question 37

common carotid artery located in the

Answer 37

anterior triangle, just deep to the sternocleidomastoid and relatively thin infra-hyoid muscle

Question 38

At the superior border of the larynx (level of adams apple) each common carotid ends by

Answer 38

dividing into an external and internal carotid artery

Question 39

The right and the left external carotid artery supplies most of

Answer 39

the tissue of the head, external to the brain orbit

Question 40

As each external carotid ascends, it sends a branch to

Answer 40

the thyroid and larynx - Sup. thyroid artery To the tongue - Lingual artery to the skin and muscle of the anterior face - anterior facial artery To the posterior part of the scalp - occipital artery And to the region around the ear - posterior oracular artery

Question 41

Near the tempo-mandibular joint, each external carotid artery ends by splitting into the

Answer 41

superficial temporal and maxillary arteries

Question 42

Internal carotid artery supplies the

Answer 42

orbit and most of the cerebrum

Question 43

Right subclavian artery originates from the

Answer 43

brachiocephalic trunk, following the branch of the right common carotid

Question 44

Left subclavian artery arises from the

Answer 44

third vessel branching from the aortic arch

Question 45

the branches from the subclavian arteries supply the

Answer 45

brain = vertebral artery Also supply neck and thoracic wall - Thyrocervical trunk - Costocervical trunk - internal thoracic artery

Question 46

Question 47

the main arteriole vessels in the carotid triangle

Answer 47

the common carotid artery and one of its terminal branches (internal carotid)

Question 48

branches of the external carotid also originate in the

Answer 48

carotid triangle

Question 49

Each common carotid artery ascends in the __________ with the ______________ to the level of the superior border of the ______ (at C4)

Answer 49

carotid sheath internal jugular vein and vagus nerve thyroid cartilage

Question 50

C4: This is where each common carotid artery terminates by

Answer 50

dividing into the internal and external carotid artery

Question 51

the internal carotid artery has _________ in the neck

Answer 51

no branches

Question 52

the internal carotid artery supplies

Answer 52

most of the structures of the brain and orbit

Question 53

External carotid artery has several branches in the

Answer 53

neck

Question 54

the carotid sinus is a

Answer 54

dilated area at the base of the internal carotid artery

Question 55

the carotid sinus location it is the site of - Baroreceptors - carotid body/ chemoreceptor - Vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves

Answer 55

just superior to the bifurcation of the internal and external carotid artery at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage

Question 56

the carotid sinus is the site of

Answer 56

- Baroreceptors - carotid body/ chemoreceptor - Vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves

Question 57

Blood supply to the brain is derived from internal carotid and vertebral artery These are terminal branches that line the arachnoid space Internal carotid artery arises in the neck from the common carotid artery the vertebral artery begins in the root of the neck, as the first branches of the first part of the subclavian artery the vertebral arteries are usually unequal in size and the cervical part of the vertebral arteries ascend through the transverse foramena

Question 57

Blood supply to the brain is derived from

Answer 57

internal carotid and vertebral artery

Question 58

Internal carotid artery arises in the _____ from the _________

Answer 58

neck common carotid artery

Question 59

the vertebral artery begins in the ____________, as the first branches of the first part of the _______________

Answer 59

root of the neck subclavian artery

Question 60

the vertebral artery begins in the ____________, as the first branches of the first part of the _______________

Answer 60

root of the neck subclavian artery

Question 61

the vertebral arteries are usually __________ and the cervical part of the vertebral arteries ascend through the _______________

Answer 61

unequal in size transverse foramena in the first six cervical vertebrae

Question 62

external carotid artery supplies

Answer 62

most structures external to the cranium

Question 63

each external carotid artery runs

Answer 63

posterior-superiorly to the region between the neck of the mandible and the lobe of the oracle Where it is embedded in the parotid gland

Question 64

each external carotid artery terminates by dividing into 2 branches:

Answer 64

1. the maxillary 2. And the superficial temporal artery

Question 65